BACKGROUND Due to the worldwide increase in infertility, it is both necessary and important to have assisted reproductive technology (ART) registries. In Iran, donation and surrogacy programs are approved by decrees from religious scholars. ART has been used since 1984 in Iran and the first Iranian infant conceived by gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT) was born in 1989. This report, however...

Introduction. Evidence-based practice has broadened and spread into new areas including librarianship. This reorientation has resulted in increased uncertainty regarding what counts as evidence and has caused a tension between formalised procedures and professional judgment. This theoretical paper aims to extend the knowledge about how evidence-based practice can contribute to regulate work and...

Needle exchange programs exist in every major population area in the United States and in many other countries. Some operate legally under emergency health decrees issued by local departments of health, with the stated intention of risk reduction through the removal of used injection equipment from use by injection drug users. It is theorized that this results in a reduced transmission of human...

The range of diseases covered by workers' compensation is constantly expanding. However, new regulations are required for the recognition of occupational diseases (ODs) because OD types evolve with changes in industrial structures and working conditions. OD criteria are usually based on medical relevance, but they vary depending on the social security system and laws of each country. In additio...

Appropriate selection of donors, use of sensitive screening tests, and the application of a mandatory quality assurance system are essential to maintain the safety of the blood supply. Laws, decrees, norms, and/or regulations covering most of these aspects of blood transfusion exist in 16 of the 17 countries in Latin America that are the subject of this review. In 17 countries, there is an info...

Conducting business and offering e-government services in the global digital environment present important questions of the legal validity of electronic documents and complex issues of trust and authentication. Governments and policy experts have grappled with ways to provide certainty and trust to businesses and citizens engaging in transactions online. One solution that has received considera...

The present study aimed to examine the universal gene expression signature and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. The gene expression dataset, GSE28829, containing 13 early and 16 advanced carotid atherosclerotic plaques was selected for analysis. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and analyzed using bioinfo...

The Delaware River provides half of New York City’s drinking water, is a habitat for wild trout and American shad, and has suffered three major floods in the last five years. The water releases from three New York City dams on the Delaware River’s headwaters impact the reliability of the city’s water supply, the potential for floods, and the quality of the aquatic habitat. This project’s object...

We all have our problems. President Charles de Gaulle of France said, probably with a huge sigh, ‘How can you govern a country which has 246 varieties of cheese?’. Another French sovereign, however, in quite another time, Charlemagne of Francia, had his ruling problems: in Italy, c. 806, faithful men claimed not to be bound by the additions made to Lex Salica by Charlemagne in 803, because they...