Ganglion cell receptive field centers are small in central retina and larger toward periphery. Accompanying this expansion, the distribution of sensitivity across the centers remain Gaussian, but peak sensitivities decline. To identify circuitry that might explain this physiology, we measured the density of bipolar cell synapses on the dendritic membrane of beta (X) and alpha (Y) ganglion cells...

Dendritic cells are potent antigen-presenting cells endowed with the unique ability to initiate adaptive immune responses upon inflammation. Inflammatory processes are often associated with an increased production of serotonin, which operates by activating specific receptors. However, the functional role of serotonin receptors in regulation of dendritic cell functions is poorly understood. Here...

We recognize well the abilities of dendritic cells to activate effector T cell (Teff cell) responses to an array of antigens and think of these cells in this context as pre-eminent antigen-presenting cells, but dendritic cells are also critical to the induction of immunologic tolerance. Herein, we review our knowledge on the different kinds of tolerogenic or regulatory dendritic cells that are ...

The potential for effective immune therapy for cancer has been met with considerable enthusiasm because of a number of fundamental advances in our understanding of the immune responses to cancer. First, previous questions about the existence of tumor antigens have largely been answered, since tumorassociated and tumor-specific antigens clearly exist and, when they are recognized by antigen-spec...

The immunological synapse is a highly structured and molecularly dynamic interface between communicating immune cells. Although the immunological synapse promotes T cell activation by dendritic cells, the specific organization of the immunological synapse on the dendritic cell side in response to T cell engagement is largely unknown. In this study, confocal and electron microscopy techniques we...

Of the 3 anatomically defined classes of ganglion cell in adult cat retina, the alpha and beta cells are the most well documented, thus providing a basis of comparison for developing ganglion cells. Alpha and beta ganglion cells in cat retinae at various ages from birth (P0) to adult were intracellularly injected with Lucifer yellow. At all ages, both cell types strongly resembled their adult c...

There are many unanswered questions surrounding the function of immune cells and how they interact with reproductive system to support successful pregnancy or contribute pathologies. While role such as uterine natural killer dendritic cells, more recently regulatory T has been established, another major cell population, B cell, particularly is relatively poorly understood. This review outlines ...

Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma is an extremely rare malignancy derived from antigen-presenting cells. Dendritic cells constitute a heterogeneous group of cells, which includes Langerhans cells, dermal dendrocytes, follicular dendritic cells, and interdigitating dendritic cells present in lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs. We report the case of a 36-year-old woman who presented with epigas...