Use of the gemcitabine (Gemzar) plus docetaxel (Taxotere) combination in metastatic breast cancer is motivated by the different mechanisms of action of the drugs, partially nonoverlapping toxicity profiles, and good single-agent activities of both drugs in treatment-naive and anthracycline-pretreated patients. In phase II trials, combinations of gemcitabine at 900 or 1,000 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8...

The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Today the M2 macrophages are identified based on the expression pattern of a set of M2 markers. These markers are transmembrane glycoproteins, scavenger receptors, enzymes, growth fact...

INTRODUCTION Postoperative pain management can be challenging in patients with a high body mass index (BMI) especially as a result of poor venous access and delayed ambulation that can result in serious complications. Fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system (ITS) is a needle-free, patient-controlled analgesic method available for use in acute postoperative pain. The primary objective of these...

Influenza A virus (IAV) matrix protein 2 (M2) plays multiple roles in the early and late phases of viral infection. Once synthesized, M2 is translocated to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), travels to the Golgi apparatus, and is sorted at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) for transport to the apical plasma membrane, where it functions in virus budding. We hypothesized that M2 trafficking along with i...

BACKGROUND Lipoxal is a liposomal oxaliplatin, which reduces the cytotoxic agent's adverse reactions without reducing effectiveness. Our objectives were to determine the adverse reactions, dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of lipoxal. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-seven patients with advanced disease of the gastrointestinal system were included in the study. All ...

CONTEXT Controversy persists about optimal body weight. Many experts define "normal" (healthy) body mass index (BMI) as 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2, 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 as overweight, and 30 kg/m2 or greater as obese. Obesity is subdivided into 30 to 34.9 kg/m2 (Grade 1), 35 to 39.9 kg/m2 (Grade 2), and 40 kg/m2 and above (Grade 3). Studies consistently show higher mortality for underweight and Grade 2 or ...

We assessed the efficacy of the polymeric nanoparticle containing docetaxel (PNP-DTX) in preclinical mouse models and determined the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) through clinical study. Subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse models were dedicated. Tumor growth delay in orthotopic model and quantification of in vivo imaging in orthotopic model were evaluated. Phase I clinical study was a single-cente...

The human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cyclic AMP-activated chloride (Cl(-)) channel in the lung epithelium that helps regulate the thickness and composition of the lung epithelial lining fluid. We investigated whether influenza M2 protein, a pH-activated proton (H(+)) channel that traffics to the plasma membrane of infected cells, altered CFTR expression and ...

Higher-order motor cortices, such as the secondary motor area (M2) in rodents, select future action patterns and transmit them to the primary motor cortex (M1). To better understand motor processing, we characterized "top-down" and "bottom-up" connectivities between M1 and M2 in the rat cortex. Somata of pyramidal cells (PCs) in M2 projecting to M1 were distributed in lower layer 2/3 (L2/3) and...

M2 tumor-associated macrophage has been found to play a supportive role in the progression of glioma. The underlying mechanism, nevertheless, has been largely unknown. In our study, to investigate how M2 macrophage played role in glioma, firstly we've analyzed the clinicopathological significance of M2 macrophage existence on clinical tissues of glioma using detection of CD163 expression with i...