Noninvasive neuromodulation techniques such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation are enabled by electromagnetic induction with applications in neuroscience research and the treatment of neurological disorders. Current systems effective but continues on improving key performance metrics precise targeting, focality, depth penetration. Additional functions also being studied; tunable excitation fi...

We study experimentally the influence of confinement on the penetration depth of impacting spheres into a granular medium contained in a finite cylindrical vessel. The presence of close lateral walls reduces the penetration depth, and the characteristic distance for these lateral wall effects is found to be of the order of one sphere diameter. The influence of the bottom wall is found to have a...