In this paper, we introduce the notion of visually descriptive language (VDL) – intuitively a text segment whose truth can be confirmed by visual sense alone. VDL can be exploited in many vision-based tasks, e.g. image interpretation and story illustration. In contrast to previous work requiring pre-aligned texts and images, we propose a broader definition of VDL that extends to a much larger r...

The fact that natural language proper names are rigid designators is an empirical discovery about natural language. However, unlike other empirical discoveries about language made in the past few decades, it is one which has been taken to have great philosophical significance. One reason for this is that it helped simplify the formal semantical representation of ordinary modal discourse. But th...

The wide empirical coverage of two number features, [±singular] and [±augmented], is used to show that (Greenbergian) category-internal markedness, (geometric) feature markedness, and value markedness are, respectively, epiphenomenal, untenable, and too simplistically formulated to be currently evaluated.

This 13th article of the Basics of Research series is first in a short series on statistical analysis. These articles will discuss creating your statistical analysis plan, levels of measurement, descriptive statistics, probability theory, inferential statistics, and general considerations for interpretation of the results of a statistical analysis.

We consider a descriptive version of Kakutani equivalence for Borel automorphisms of Polish spaces. Answering a question of Nadkarni, we show that up to this notion, there are exactly two Borel automorphisms: those which are smooth, and those which are not. Using this, we classify all Borel R-flows up to C∞ time-change isomorphism. We then extend the notion of Kakutani equivalence to all (not n...

In Chapter 1, we introduce a notion of universality for subgroups of Polish groups that has both algebraic and topological aspects. More precisely, given a class C of subgroups of a topological group Γ, we say that a subgroup H ∈ C is a universal C subgroup of Γ if every subgroup K ∈ C is a continuous homomorphic preimage of H. Such subgroups may be regarded as complete members of C with respec...

The Atlas of Descriptive Histology is an extremely comprehensive and well-organized atlas including 612 illustrations covering everything from basic tissue to full organ histology. In a clear, systematic fashion, the authors move from simple tissue structures to complex organ systems, including micrographs of the adult tongue, lip, teeth, eye, ear, and developing teeth. Each chapter is designed...