Extending Ireland’s (1994) model, this paper analyzes an international economy where cash or credit can be used for payment. Foreign trade credit is more costly than its domestic analog. A depreciation of the real exchange rate is associated with an external surplus and a reduced share of imports purchased with credit. Economic growth slows when foreign trade credit becomes the predominant mean...

The design of the positioning controllers in Optical Disk Drives are today subjected to a trade off between an acceptable suppression of external disturbances and an acceptable immunity against surfaces defects. In this paper an algorithm is suggested to detect defects of the disk surface combined with an observer and a Linear Quadratic Regulator. As a result, the mentioned trade off is minimiz...

We propose a model to study the role of industry-level external economies scale in open economies. If elasticity governing strength is below inverse trade each industry, then specialization under frictionless consistent with comparative advantage, tractable even frictions, and all countries gain from trade. External lower gains except if country specializes industries high economies, they ampli...

We construct a three-country model to determine how the formation of free trade areas (FTAs) affects optimal tariffs and welfare. We find that, at constant rest of the world (ROW) tariffs, the adoption of internal free trade induces union members to reduce their external tariffs below the Kemp–Wan [J. Int. Econom. 6 (1976) 95–97] level, and causes ROW’s terms of trade to improve and its welfare...

This monograph focuses on the use of incomplete contracting models to study transfer pricing. Intrafirm pricing mechanisms affect division managers’ incentives to trade intermediate products and to undertake relationship-specific investments so as to increase the gains from trade. Letting managers negotiate over the transaction is known to cause holdup (underinvestment) problems. Yet, in the ab...

The networks of interfirm relations that developed in business groups during China’s economic transition have been an important part of the country’s economic transition. This article examines the process by which interfirm lending and trade ties emerged and evolved in the business groups in the early stages of reform. It studies the effect of business group structure on firm financial performa...

This paper presents a conceptual toolbox for software speci-cation and design that contains techniques from structured and object-oriented speciication and design methods. The toolbox is called TRADE (Toolkit for Requirements and Design Engineering). The TRADE tools are used in teaching informatics students structured and object-oriented speciication and design techniques, but the toolkit may b...

Due to the importance of the government size impact on economic growth, the current study investigates the impact of government size on economic growth in economies of the developed and developing countries by using a panel data approach over the period 1990-2010. The results indicate that government size has positive effect on economic growth and negative effect on per capita production growth...

To improve the phase-shifting accuracy, this paper presents a novel integrated framework for design, control and experimental validation of the piezoelectric actuated phase shifter with a trade-off between accuracy and cost. The piezoelectric actuators with built-in sensors are adopted to drive the double parallel four-bar linkage flexure hinge-based mechanisms. Three mechanisms form the tripod...

This paper analyzes the effects of trade openness on economic growth in a panel thirty developed and developing countries. The fixed model was estimated using PSTR technique data covering period 1980-2019. results show that relationship between is non-linear, external depend thresholds national income per capita. Below threshold 35 118 USD capita, has no significant effect growth. Above this th...