PURPOSE To evaluate therapeutic effects and usefulness of a combination treatment of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) and panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in patients with clinically significant macular edema secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS Visual acuity test, fundoscopy, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) we...

Macular edema (ME) is a nonspecific sign of numerous retinal vascular diseases. This paper is an updated overview about the role of inflammatory processes in the genesis of both diabetic macular edema (DME) and ME secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO). We focus on the inflammatory mediators implicated, the effect of the different intravitreal therapies, the recruitment of leukocytes mediate...

Intervention In the model, each patient was assessed for disease progression and mortality by age, disease duration, and disease severity. Screening for diabetic retinopathy was assumed to be done according to the guidelines of the American Academy of Ophthalmology, with assessments for proliferative retinopathy and macular edema that used published sensitivities for ophthalmic examination. Pat...