Evaluating diffuse axonal injury (DAI) remains challenging in clinical sciences since the physiopathologic mechanism of DAI is still unclear. The calcium overload in the axoplasm is considered to be crucial for secondary axonal injury. The present study use calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, to explore the influence of Ca2+ in the pathogenesis of rat DAI. In the DAI group, the expressions of ...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) from penetrating or closed forces to the cranium can result in a range of forms of neural damage, which culminate in mortality or impart mild to significant neurological disability. In this regard, diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a major neuronal pathophenotype of TBI and is associated with a complex set of cytoskeletal changes. The neurofilament triplet proteins are...

Increasing evidence suggests that secondary injury after diffuse axonal injury (DAI) damages more axons than the initial insult, but the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon are not fully understood. Recent studies show that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a critical role in promoting adaptive immune responses and have been shown to be associated with brain damage. The purpose of this stu...

Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) is useful for elucidating the status of the corticospinal tract (CST). The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of DTT for determining the causes of motor weakness in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Five patients with TBI were recruited for this study. DTT was performed using 1.5-T with a Synergy-L Sensitivity Encoding (SENSE) h...

BACKGROUND Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) has been proposed as a new tool in neurological rehabilitation of victims of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, its usefulness to treat this condition has never been tested rigorously. The primary goal is to conduct a study protocol to determine whether rTMS used to cognitive rehabilitation of victims of TBI with diffuse axonal ...

To address the relationships of clinical symptoms and pathology and the location and magnitude of brain strains, the Wayne State University human head finite element model was used with loading conditions posited to produce severe concussion (AIS 3) and mild, moderate and severe diffuse axonal injury (DAI) (AIS 4 ‐ AIS 5). Sinusoidal accelerations with peak thresholds of 8,100, 11,000, 14,00...

BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (EPO) as a major stimulator of red blood cell (RBC) production play a key role on brain protection and have a caring effect on neurons from hypoxic or traumatic injury. The objective of this trial was to study the safety and efficacy of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) on level of consciousness and other outcomes in patient with post traumatic diffuse axonal injury (PTDAI...