Since the pioneering work of Kolbe, electrochemistry and electrosynthetic methods have been a part of the repertoire of the organic synthesis toolbox [1,2]. In general, only electrons are employed as reagents or the reagents are electrochemically regenerated. Consequently, waste can be avoided, and limited resources can be used in a careful and economic manner. Because alternative reaction path...

Chemical gradients drive a diverse set of biological processes ranging from nerve transduction to ovulation. At present, the most common method for quantifying chemical gradients is microscopy. Here, a new concept for probing spatial and temporal chemical gradients is reported that uses a multi-layer microfluidic device to measure analyte concentration as a function of lateral position in a mic...

Even today, some types of fuel cells have been already used in practical applications such as combined heat and power generation applications and space vehicle applications. Though research and development activities are still required, the fuel cell technology is one of the most important technologies that allow us to draw the environment friendly society in the twenty-first century. This sect...

The development of experiments capable of probing individual molecules has led to major breakthroughs in fields ranging from molecular electronics to biophysics, allowing direct tests of knowledge derived from macroscopic measurements and enabling new assays that probe population heterogeneities and internal molecular dynamics. Although still somewhat in their infancy, such methods are also bei...

Fluid electrolyte solutions based on mixtures of butyronitrile (PrCN) and ethyl chloride (EtC1) with Bu4NPF6 or Bu4NC104 as electrolyte freeze below -180~ and provide excellent media for cryogenic electrochemical experiments. A 1:2 mixture of PrCN and EtC1 exhibits the best combination of freezing point and ionic conductivity for ultralow temperature electrochemistry. Diffusion coefficients for...

The electrochemistry of the base excision repair enzyme Endonuclease III (Endo III) in the presence and absence of DNA has been examined on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). At the surface modified with pyrenated DNA, a reversible signal is observed at 20 mV versus NHE for the [4Fe-4S]3+/2+ couple of Endo III, similar to Au. Without DNA modification, oxidative and reductive signals for...

A novel amperometric immunosensor for determination of human serum chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was constructed by immobilization of HCG with titania sol-gel on a glassy carbon electrode and the direct electrochemistry of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled to HCG antibody (HRP-anti-HCG). The morphologies of the HCG membrane were characterized to be chemically clean, porous and homogeneous. H...

A novel glassy carbon electrode modified by a gel containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and ionic liquid of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIPF6) is reported. The gel is formed by grinding of MWNTs and BMIPF6. Such gel is then coated on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. We have employed scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (...