UNLABELLED The large outbreak of diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 in Europe from May to July 2011 highlighted the potential of a rarely identified E. coli serogroup to cause severe disease. Prior to the outbreak, there were very few reports of disease caused by this pathogen and thus little known of its diversity and evolution...

The outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) that occurred in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2001 was the single largest epidemic of FMD the world had ever experienced. This outbreak raises important issues about future FMD control strategies, including the use of vaccination. The outbreak has also stimulated a wider debate in the UK on the role and direction of agriculture. The author presents the...

abstract background: geographical health research examines the effect of environmental factors on human health examines. the environment where human and nature both is greatly influenced by the climatic conditions. the types of skin cancer world wide as well as iran are among the most common diseases and according to studies, are influenced by environmental factors . the objective here is to an...

Victoria is currently experiencing a widespread outbreak of viral meningitis. Where viral studies have been complete, this has been shown to be predominantly due to the enterovirus ECHO 30. The last such outbreak of echovirus 30 occurred in the summer of 1993-94. The current outbreak appears to have surpassed levels experienced at that time. Enterovirus is not a notifiable disease in Victoria. ...

An atypically large outbreak of Elizabethkingia anophelis infections occurred in Wisconsin. Here we show that it was caused by a single strain with thirteen characteristic genomic regions. Strikingly, the outbreak isolates show an accelerated evolutionary rate and an atypical mutational spectrum. Six phylogenetic sub-clusters with distinctive temporal and geographic dynamics are revealed, and t...

OBJECTIVES As of 1 November 2015, the Saudi Ministry of Health had reported 1273 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS); among these cases, which included 9 outbreaks at several hospitals, 717 (56%) patients recovered, 14 (1%) remain hospitalised and 543 (43%) died. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological, demographic and clinical characteristics that distinguished cases of ...

CONTEXT Childhood vaccination has reduced rubella disease to low levels in the United States, but outbreaks continue to occur. The largest outbreak in the past 5 years occurred in Nebraska in 1999. OBJECTIVES To examine risk factors for disease, susceptibility of the risk population, role of vaccine failure, and the need for new vaccination strategies in response to the Nebraska rubella outbr...

1. Etiology 2. Distribution 3. Disease in Animals 4. Disease in Humans 4.1. Cutaneous Anthrax 4.2. Intestinal Anthrax 4.3. Pulmonary (inhalation) Anthrax 4.4. Other Forms of Anthrax 5. Vaccines and Treatment 6. The cases of large occurrence 6.1. An Unusual Outbreak of Anthrax in Australia 6.2. Human Anthrax in Zimbabwe 6.3. The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979 6.4. Outbreaks of Anthrax Zoono...

Infectious disease surveillance is key to limiting the consequences from infectious pathogens and maintaining animal and public health. Following the detection of a disease outbreak, a response in proportion to the severity of the outbreak is required. It is thus critical to obtain accurate information concerning the origin of the outbreak and its forward trajectory. However, there is often a l...

OBJECTIVE To detect an outbreak-related source of Legionella, control the outbreak, and prevent additional Legionella infections from occurring. DESIGN AND SETTING Epidemiologic investigation of an acute outbreak of hospital-associated Legionnaires disease among outpatients and visitors to a Wisconsin hospital. PATIENTS Patients with laboratory-confirmed Legionnaires disease who resided in ...