Ubiquitin, discovered less than 50 years ago, tags thousands of diseased proteins for destruction. It is small (only 76 amino acids), and is found unchanged in mammals, birds, fish and even worms. Key features of its functionality are identified here using critical point thermodynamic scaling theory. These include Fano interference between firstand second-order elements of globular surface shap...

This study was designed to evaluate serum and milk amyloid A (SAA) as an inflammatory indicator in inflammatory diseases. Twenty clinically healthy cows and 100 cows with various inflammatory diseases were selected for this study. Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein of both healthy and diseased groups. Milk samples were taken from four quarters of both groups. Milk samples of f...

METHODS: We collected 46 samples of intervertebral discs from 38 patients during spinal fusion for chronic back pain. 30 samples were from pain levels clinically established by discography and 16 samples were from adjacent vertebral levels with no pain. We obtained 34 control samples of intervertebral disc from previously healthy individuals with normal histology within 8 h of recorded death. W...

In November 2017, a group of farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) died in Yunnan Province, China, likely due to infection. These exhibited slow movement, no feeding, dark body color, exophthalmia, and occasional ulcers on the surface. Pathogens were isolated from diseased livers, head kidneys, spleens, eyes, strain was preliminarily identified as Acinetobacter johnsonii based morphology, ...

powdery mildew caused by erysiphe necator schw. is one of the most economically destructive diseases of grapevines all over the world including iran. in this experiment, the effects of powdery mildew on grape yield, sugar and tartaric acid contents of must quality were quantified for different grapes with 14 cultivars of grapes including shahani, kishmishi, rasmi, tokolgan, garashilig, seyrakpo...