Estrogen receptors are located in important brain areas that integrate cardiovascular and hydroelectrolytic responses, including the subfornical organ (SFO) and supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of estradiol on cardiovascular and neuroendocrine changes induced by hemorrhagic shock in ovariectomized rats. Female Wistar rats (22...

We examined the role of the subfornical organ (SFO) in stimulating thirst and salt appetite using two procedures that initiate water and sodium ingestion within 1-2 h of extracellular fluid depletion. The first procedure used injections of a diuretic (furosemide, 10 mg/kg sc) and a vasodilator (minoxidil, 1-3 mg/kg ia) to produce hypotension concurrently with hypovolemia. The resulting water an...

Although endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a pathologic mechanism in a variety of chronic diseases, it is unclear what role it plays in chronic hypertension (HTN). Dysregulation of brain mechanisms controlling arterial pressure is strongly implicated in HTN, particularly in models involving angiotensin II (Ang II). We tested the hypothesis that ER stress in the brain is causally linked to An...

The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are structures bordering the third and fourth ventricles and are considered to be important sites for communicating between neural cells, cerebrospinal fluid and blood. CVOs have been characterized as regions of the brain with permeable capillaries, which can pass marker dyes from blood (Davson et al. 1987). This high tracer transportability of vessels in the...

Simple and effective extraction methods based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), and solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) were developed to determine triketone herbicides-sulcotrione (SUL), mesotrione (MES), tembotrione (TEMB), and their degradation products-i...

A reversed-phase dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (RP-DLLME) method coupled to HPLC was developed for the extraction of hydroxytyrosol (HTy) and tyrosol (Ty) from virgin olive oil. In this first application of the RP-DLLME method to non-polar samples, the phenolic compounds were directly extracted into an aqueous micro-drop, which could be injected into a chromatography column without a...

Steganography has become an important science in security recent years, it hides the existence of secret information such a way that no one suspects exists. In this paper new steganography method for concealing message by using sailfish optimizer (SFO) and transposition is proposed. work, utilized to enhance reduce disfigurement obtain best quality, where SFO advantages term text quality. The f...

Background in music performance and pedagogy. During the voice-change process, singing for adolescent boys may become more difficult and unpredictable. Many boys cease singing when they reach puberty as they experience their voices as unreliable and a potential source of embarrassment. They often leave choirs and singing experiences they have previously enjoyed because they and their teachers b...