We have previously characterized with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) seven unique epitopes on the two envelope glycoproteins of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus vaccine strain TC-83. The epitopes important in protection from VEE virus infection were determined in passive antibody transfer studies, with virulent VEE (Trinidad donkey) virus as the challenge virus. Selected high-avidi...

The donkey population has remained unchanged in the last two decades despite a decrease in the overall population of equids, emphasizing the usefulness of the donkey as a draught and pack animal. Piroplasmosis in donkeys, caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, has been recognized as a serious problem of major economic importance as the affected animals manifest decreased working capacity...

Intestinal motility disorders are an important problem in horses and donkeys and this study was carried out in order to evaluate the enteric neurons in animals with and without intestinal disease. Surplus intestinal tissue samples were collected from 28 horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy for colic. In addition, surplus intestinal samples from 17 control horses were collected immediately f...

Jenny shows a large endometrial reaction after semen influx to the uterus with amount of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) migrating into uterine lumen. PMN act as sperm selection mechanism through phagocytosis and NETosis (DNA extrudes and, together proteins, trap spermatozoa). While reduced percentage spermatozoa are phagocytosed by PMN, most found be attached neutrophil extracellular traps...

Donkeys (Equus asinus) face a global crisis. Their health, welfare, and even their local survival are compromised as the demand for skins increases. Such donkey aims to supply ejiao industry. Ejiao is traditional remedy made from collagen of skins. Some people believe it has medicinal properties. It estimated that industry currently requires approximately 4.8 million per year. Although future d...