Among the class of discrete time Markovian processes, two models are widely used, the Markov chain and the Hidden Markov Model. A major di erence between these two models lies in the relation between successive outputs of the observed variable. In a visible Markov chain, these are directly correlated while in hidden models they are not. However, in some situations it is possible to observe both...

TITLE: The effects of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 on AH neuron excitability and slow wave activity of the mouse intestine ABSTRACT The small intestine holds an intrinsic ability to digest and absorb nutrients from the food we intake without intervention from the central nervous system. This ability is made possible by the population of cells that inhabit the gut, particularly interstitial ce...

Background: Heart slices and enzymatically dissociated cardiomyocytes are used in cardiac safety pharmacology for extracellular recording using microelectrode array (MEA). The aim of this study was to set up and validate a vitro cardiac surface mapping system for studies pharmaco-electrophysiology effects in Langendorff perfused rat hearts by flexible MEA. Materials and Methods: Hearts isolated...

In order to obtain evidence that Mb releases O(2) during muscle contraction, we have set up a buffer-perfused hindlimb rat model and applied NIRS to detect the dynamics of tissue deoxygenation during contraction. The NIRS signal was monitored on hindlimb muscle during twitch contractions at 1 Hz, evoked via electrostimulator at different submaximal levels. The hindlimb perfusion was carried out...

in the current study, effects of acute short term administration of fructose on cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial infarction size following ischemia/reperfusion were investigated in isolated rat heart. the hearts were subjected to 30 min zero flow global ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion. in the control group, the hearts were perfused by normal drug free krebs-henseleit (k/h) solution t...

background: corn silk (cs) is widely used in iranian traditional medicine. the aim of this study was to investigate hepatoprotective activity of cs by isolated rat liver perfusion system (irlp). methods: hydro-alcoholic extract of corn silk (10, 20, 40, and 100 mg kg-1) was evaluated for its hepatoprotective activity by irlp. phenol and flavonoid contents of the extract were determined as galli...