Engineering drawings are ubiquitously used for capturing, conveying and archiving innovative engineering designs. Many engineering companies’ core intellectual property resides in their proprietary engineering drawings. Therefore, protection of such vital data is extremely important. This paper provides a swap-transformation matrix based approach to scramble engineering drawings in order to ena...

Over the past two decades, the role of intellectual property rights in all areas of science and technology has exploded globally– primarily due to the rules prescribed by the World Trade Organization’s TRIPS and by bilateral/regional trade agreements. The TRIPS agreement obligates all WTO member countries to adopt and enforce minimum standards of intellectual property rights. The TRIPS agreemen...

This article explores the inter-relationship of collective action within the business community, the nature of the political regime and the security of firms’ property rights. Drawing on a pair of surveys recently administered in Russia, we present evidence that post-communist business associations have begun to coordinate business influence over state actors in a manner that is sensitive to re...

Background: In specific criminal law, security crimes are of special importance due to their harmful effects on the whole society and the country. One of the reasons for studying crimes against security is that the way and method of discovering and investigating the perpetrators of crimes against security is different from other crimes. The purpose of explaining the limitations and deviations f...

there is a doubt about pledge of intellectual property rights in considering of articles 774 and 772 of iranian civil code. the principal goal of this paper is the reforming study of the roots of these articles.in the first chapter, we argue that is it feasible to pledge intangible things? and in the second one, we suggest some solutions for their delivery.

there are many indices for measuring property rights (pr) security. they may be classified into two groups: subjective proxies and objective proxies. most of the proxies are subjective. one contribution of this paper is introducing a new approach for measuring government expenditures devoted to pr protection. calculating physical capital within the introduced new approach is another contributio...

Handwritten signature is the most accepted and economical means of personnel authentication. It can be verified using online or offline schemes. This paper proposes a signature verification model by combining Zernike moments feature with circularity and aspect ratio. Unlike characters, signatures vary each time because of its behavioural biometric property. Signatures can be identified based on...

this paper discusses the study of community’s preferences for biodiversity conservation management institution which may motivate them to support conservation efforts in the okwangwo division of the cross river national park, nigeria. the empirical data was generated from personal interviews and factors influencing the respondents’ choice were examined with the aid of multinomial logit mode...