We study consumption of durable and nondurable goods when the durable good is subject to transaction costs. In the model, agents derive utility from a service flow of a durable good and a consumption flow of a nondurable good. The key feature of the model is the existence of a fixed transaction cost in the durable good market. The fixed cost induces an inaction region in the purchase of the dur...

Abstract Triticum monococcum L. and T. boeoticum L., diploid wild relatives of bread wheat ( aestivum L.), possess resistance to leaf rust (also known as brown rust) caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks. Haustorium formation-based mechanisms (i.e. pre-haustorial post-haustorial resistance) have been studied reported in various accessions. In the present study, mechanism accessions was using confo...

The ability of plant viruses to propagate their genomes in host cells depends on many host factors. In the absence of an agrochemical that specifically targets plant viral infection cycles, one of the most effective methods for controlling viral diseases in plants is taking advantage of the host plant's resistance machinery. Recessive resistance is conferred by a recessive gene mutation that en...

This paper studies the aggregate dynamics of durable and nondurable consumption under slow information diffusion (SID) due to noisy observations and learning within the permanent income framework. We show that SID can significantly improve the model’s predictions on the joint behavior of income, durable consumption, and nondurable consumption at the aggregate level. Specifically, we find that S...

â â â â  reza roshan [1] â  department of economics, university of sistan and baluchestan , iran â  mosayeb pahlavani â  department of economics, university of sistan and baluchestan, iran â  mohammad nabi shahyaki tash â  department of economics, university of sistan and baluchestan, iran â  â â â  abstract â  consumption is the principal feature of iran’s gross national production. therefor...

Weak and weathered rocks are well known for their sensitivity to changes in moisture content. Degrading behavior is common weak with moisture-sensitive mineral components present numerous stability problems. The slake durability a measure of the resistance weakening disintegration rock materials which quantitatively distinguishes durable from non-durable materials. Several material parameters i...

ABSTRACT Genetic resistance often fails because a resistance-breaking (RB) pathogen genotype increases in frequency. On the basis of an analysis of cellular plant pathogens, it was recently proposed that the evolutionary potential of a pathogen is a major determinant of the durability of resistance. We test this hypothesis for plant viruses, which differ substantially from cellular pathogens in...

Despite the efforts of breeders and the extensive use of fungicide control measures, late blight still remains a major threat to potato cultivation worldwide. The introduction of genetic resistance into cultivated potato is considered a valuable method to achieve durable resistance to late blight. Here, we report the identification and cloning of Rpi-vnt1.1, a previously uncharacterized late-bl...

The serine threonine kinases BRAF and MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase] are major regulators of the ERK/MAPK pathway, which is deregulated in the majority of melanomas. Targeting BRAF is an effective therapy for advanced melanoma, but patients progress due to the development of resistance. This 'acquired resistance' is thought to be...