We report a noninvasive strategy for electrically stimulating neurons at depth. By delivering to the brain multiple electric fields at frequencies too high to recruit neural firing, but which differ by a frequency within the dynamic range of neural firing, we can electrically stimulate neurons throughout a region where interference between the multiple fields results in a prominent electric fie...

This paper details the application of an adaptive neural network based limit detection and avoidance algorithm for envelope protection on the autonomous Yamaha R-Max unmanned helicopter test bed. Software-in-the-loop and flight test results are presented. The envelope protection system is implemented as a mid-level controller component into the unmanned helicopter software infrastructure, calle...

American options exercised by physical delivery of a portfolio of cash and underlying stock are considered in the binary tree model under small proportional transaction costs. Dynamic programming type recursive algorithms are developed for computing the ask and bid prices of such options, extending the Snell envelope construction. Representations of the ask and bid prices of American options wi...

The mammalian nuclear envelope (NE) can develop complex dynamic membrane-bounded invaginations in response to both physiological and pathological stimuli. Since the formation of these nucleoplasmic reticulum (NR) structures can occur during interphase, without mitotic NE breakdown and reassembly, some other mechanism must drive their development. Here we consider models for deformation of the i...

We consider the conservative H enon mapping, which is the one dimensional model of a FODO cell with a sextupole nonlinearity. We analyse the well known problem of estimating the dynamic aperture of such a model with analytical tools. A complete solution can be found by drawing the stable and unstable manifolds which emanate from the xed point of the map; the envelope of these manifolds exactly ...

We demonstrate a long-term operation with reduced phase noise in the carrier-envelope-phase (CEP) stabilization process by employing a double feedback loop and an improved signal detection in the direct locking technique [Opt. Express 13, 2969 (2005)]. A homodyne balanced detection method is employed for efficiently suppressing the dc noise in the f-2f beat signal, which is converted into the C...

To ensure flight safety, extensive flight-testing and active structural servo control strategies are required to explore and expand the boundary of a flight envelope. Aeroservoelastic (ASE) models can provide online flight monitoring of dynamic instabilities to reduce flight time testing and increase flight safety. The reliability of an ASE model for the flight envelope prediction and flight sa...

The spiking pattern evoked in cells of the owl's inferior colliculus by repeated presentation of the same broadband noise was found to be highly reproducible and synchronized with the temporal features of the noise stimulus. The pattern remained largely unchanged when the stimulus was presented from spatial loci that evoke similar average firing rates. To better understand this patterning, we c...

Climate envelope models are a potentially important conservation tool, but their ability to accurately forecast species' distributional shifts using independent survey data has not been fully evaluated. We created climate envelope models for 12 species of North American breeding birds previously shown to have experienced poleward range shifts. For each species, we evaluated three different appr...

Performance of diversity systems is often evaluated under the assumption of perfect interleaving and characterised in terms of long-term parameters such as the average bit-error rate, which does not capture the dynamics of fading channels. Statistical characteristics (static and dynamic) of the envelope of two correlated Rayleigh fading channels are explored using a physical model. For two popu...