This paper considers cointegration tests for dynamic systems where the number of variables is large relative to the sample size. Typical examples include tests for unit roots in panels where the units are linked by complicated dynamic relationships. It is well known that conventional cointegration tests based on a parametric (vector autoregressive) representation of the system break down if the...

Recent studies of purchasing power parity (PPP) account for the possible presence of unit roots in nominal exchange rates and relative price indices by applying standard unit-root tests to real exchange rates, which are ratios of nominal exchange rates and relative price indices. These studies occasionally find evidence of PPP, but as a whole, the evidence is not definitive. Standard unit-root ...

We evaluated the reliability of static and dynamic lumbar muscle endurance measurements on a BackUP lumbar extension dynamometer. Sixteen healthy participants (8 male; 8 female) volunteered for this investigation. Fifty percent of each participant's body weight was calculated to determine the weight load utilized for the static (holding time) and dynamic (repetitions) lumbar extension endurance...