Traditional expositions of the Austrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT) rest on reference to only one – equilibrium interest rate. This paper, hand, explores theoretical validity such a and, other analyses whether it is essential ABCT. To address both issues, we depart from defense recently-disputed Pure Time Preference (PTPT), which purports explain cause phenomenon and serves as basis for In lig...

BACKGROUND The patient state index (PSI) and the bispectral index (BIS) quantify anaesthetic depth based on the EEG using different algorithms. We compared both indices with regard to the prediction of the depth of propofol anaesthesia. METHODS In 17 patients, propofol was infused until burst suppression occurred and stopped thereafter until BIS recovered to values above 60. This was repeated...

Human developmental anatomy has been organized as structured lists of the major constituent tissues present during each of Carnegie stages 1-20 (E1-E50, approximately 8500 anatomically defined tissue items). For each of these stages, the tissues have been organized as a hierarchy in which an individual tissue is catalogued as part of a larger tissue. Such a formal representation of knowledge is...

Mao, Catherine S., Nancy Berman, and Eli Ipp. Loss of entrainment of high-frequency plasma insulin oscillations in type 2 diabetes is likely a glucose-specific -cell defect. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287: E50–E54, 2004. First published March 2, 2004; 10.1152/ ajpendo.00555.2003.—Spontaneous high-frequency insulin oscillations are easily entrainable to exogenous glucose in vitro and in vivo,...

This paper estimates a structural New Keynesian model to test whether globalization has changed the behavior of U.S. macroeconomic variables. Several key coefficients in the model such as the slopes of the Phillips and IS curves, the sensitivities of domestic inflation and output to “global” output, and so forth are allowed in the estimation to depend on the extent of globalization (modeled as ...

This paper describes the use of electrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR-MS) to study the relative stabilities of noncovalent complexes of carbonic anhydrase II (CAII, EC 4.2.1.1) and benzenesulfonamide inhibitors in the gas phase. Sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation (SORI-CID) was used to determine the energetics of dis...

PURPOSE We followed cone and rod development in the pig and we correlated development with the potential for cone and rod precursor integration and differentiation following subretinal transplantation. METHODS Rod and cone precursors were identified during development by their position in the outer retina and by immunostaining for markers of differentiation. Embryonic retinal cells from green...

The two oxazaphosphorine compounds cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide are important cytostatic drugs used in the chemotherapy of cancer and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Their mechanism of action, involving metabolic activation and unspecific alkylation of nucleophilic compounds, accounts for genotoxic effects described in the literature and is reason for environmental concern. The occu...

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the embryonic progenitors of sperm and egg cells. Mammalian PGCs are thought to actively migrate from the yolk sac endoderm over long distances across the embryo to reach the somatic genital ridges. The general principles of mammalian PGC development were discovered in mice. In contrast, little is known about PGC development in primates due to extremely limited ...

The dynamics of ‘‘vicious,’’ continuously growing civilizations ~domains!, which engage in ‘‘war’’ whenever two domains meet, is investigated. In the war event, the smaller domain is annihilated, while the larger domain is reduced in size by a fraction e of the casualties of the loser. Here e quantifies the fairness of the war, with e51 corresponding to a fair war with equal casualties on both ...