Children can recover beliefs from knowledge of an agent’s actions and desires, or desires from her actions and beliefs. However, both beliefs and desires are sometimes unknown and underdetermined by agents’ actions. Here we ask how emotional expressions might support mental-state inferences that are otherwise ambiguous given agents’ actions. We present two experiments, showing that children (me...

Games with imperfect information often feature multiple equilibria, which depend on beliefs off the equilibrium path. Standard selection criteria such as passive beliefs, symmetric beliefs or wary beliefs rest on ad hoc restrictions on beliefs. We propose a new selection criterion that imposes no restrictions on beliefs: we select the action profile that is supported in equilibrium by the large...

Relevance: The WHO Bulletin (2000) indicated that between one and five people in the working population have some form of mental health problem at any given time (1). This figure is on rise has been proven to affect their employability, work efficiency quality life. These problems are also common among healthcare workers, with more than 20% workers worldwide experiencing (2-4). Irrational ratio...

We investigate whether superstitious beliefs held directly by only a fraction of the population affect market equilibrium. Using data from multiracial Singapore, we find that apartments whose unit numbers end with 8, an auspicious number for Chinese, are sold at 0.9% premium, whereas those that end with 4, an inauspicious number for Chinese, are sold at 1.5% discount. The discount for inauspici...

Agents, in a multi agent system, communicate with each other through the process of exchanging messages which is called dialogue. Multi agent organization is generally used to optimize agents’ communications. Holonic organization demonstrates a self-similar recursive and hierarchical structure in which each holon may include some other holons. In a holonic system, lateral communication occurs b...