Learner autonomy has been described as the ultimate objective in many language teaching programs since the third quarter of the twentieth century and educators have highlighted the significant role of promoting learner autonomy in the process of language learning and teaching. However, only limited number of studies has been awarded to what leaner autonomy mean to teachers. This study addressed...

Learner autonomy has been considered the central aim of education because its significant role in enabling students to develop into successful lifelong learners. In modern times, have many opportunities learn outside classroom, ideal context for learner development. Therefore, research about development out-of-class learning needs receive more focus, especially Vietnam. Based on sociocultural t...

Elderly people commonly suffer from dyspnoea, which may stem from expiratory flow limitation (EFL). The relationship between EFL, as assessed by the negative expiratory pressure method and spirometric indices, was investigated in an elderly French population. Subjects, aged 66-88 yrs, filled in socio-demographic and standardised questionnaires, which dealt with: medical history, smoking status ...

Abstract This paper looks into the dilemma of what counts as a grammatical ‘learner error’ in ELT on basis recent results from English variationist research and lingua franca research. Examples these studies show that features often perceived ‘errors’ for EFL speakers also occur ESL production—where they are called ‘innovations’—and even native language (ENL) term ‘spoken universal’ would seem ...

To quantify gene expressions by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (Q-RT-PCR) in natural diatom assemblages, it is necessary to seek a biomass reference specific to the target species. Two housekeeping genes, TBP (encoding the TATA box-binding protein) and EFL (encoding the translation elongation factor-like protein), were evaluated as candidates for reference genes in Q-RT-PCR assays. Tran...