Abstract This paper looks into the dilemma of what counts as a grammatical ‘learner error’ in ELT on basis recent results from English variationist research and lingua franca research. Examples these studies show that features often perceived ‘errors’ for EFL speakers also occur ESL production—where they are called ‘innovations’—and even native language (ENL) term ‘spoken universal’ would seem ...

To quantify gene expressions by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (Q-RT-PCR) in natural diatom assemblages, it is necessary to seek a biomass reference specific to the target species. Two housekeeping genes, TBP (encoding the TATA box-binding protein) and EFL (encoding the translation elongation factor-like protein), were evaluated as candidates for reference genes in Q-RT-PCR assays. Tran...

This paper reports on the experiences of four Australian teachers who provide English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction to Indonesian secondary school students in a regional area of Central Java, Indonesia. These four teachers were all native English speakers and experienced qualified teachers, however, the Australian State Department of Education that sent them to Indonesia did not provi...

In Caenorhabditis elegans, EFL-1 (E2F), DPL-1 (DP) and LIN-35 (pRb) act coordinately in somatic tissues to inhibit ectopic cell division, probably by repressing the expression of target genes. EFL-1, DPL-1 and LIN-35 are also present in the germline, but do not always act together. Strong loss-of-function mutations in either efl-1 or dpl-1 cause defects in oogenesis that result in sterility, wh...

This study explores the centrality of the technology integration to Chinese EFL students' experiences in College English instruction. Students involved in this qualitative and quantitative study described the effectiveness of Web-based instructional environments (WBIEs) facilitated by the WebNing course management systems. Sources that were used for data analysis include online survey and oral ...

This paper reports a reading intervention programme, the LMVS (Linguistically Mediated Visual Search) among pre-adolescent Chinese EFLs. It sets out to test whether managing the process of silent reading might modify text complexity as perceived. The paper is a combination of two studies. The first study was the development and assessment of a reading comprehension test. The second study pilote...

English for Specific Purposes, so far, is probing its way in our Sudanese universities. It is taught as a university requirement. Unfortunately, our students are disappointed when they graduate confronting the real situation in the workplace to use their ESP background. Most of the students feel they discontent with the syllabus which had been taught, because it doesn’t meet their needs. Furthe...

The field of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) is expanding rapidly, with millions students globally seeking to improve their language proficiency. To meet the demand for effective EFL instructors, it essential possess diverse range skills, including knowledge best practices in teaching and an understanding individual learner needs. This paper explores approaches instructors at university lev...

This study investigated young learner preference for using games and songs to learn English in the EFL context. Many ways have been found assist learners acquiring as a Foreign Language. The students’ perceptions were taken from questionnaire. result showed that most students liked it better when teachers used teaching an It is suggested both can be utilized