Although much has been learned about the elastic properties of solids with cracks, virtually all the work has been confined to the case when the cracks are stationary, that is, neither grow nor shorten during loading. In that case, the elastic moduli obtained are the secant moduli. The paper deals with the practically much more important but more difficult case of tangential moduli for incremen...

The apparent sti}ness tensors of two!dimensional elastic composite samples smaller than the representative volume element "RVE# are studied as a function of system size[ Numerical experiments are used to investigate how the apparent properties of the composite converge with increasing scale factor n\ de_ned to be the ratio between the linear size of the composite and the linear size of the unit...

Conceptually, the elastic characteristics of cancellous bone could be predicted directly from the trabecular morphology--or architecture--and by the elastic properties of the tissue itself. Although hardly any experimental evidence exists, it is often implicitly assumed that tissue anisotropy has a negligible effect on the apparent elastic properties of cancellous bone. The question addressed i...

Inclusion-based formulations allow an explicit description of pore geometry by viewing porous rocks as a solid matrix with embedded inclusions representing individual pores. The assumption commonly used in these formulations that there is no fluid pressure communication between pores is reasonable for liquid-filled rocks measured at high frequencies; however, complete fluid pressure communicati...

After the publication of this work [1], we became aware of the fact that the frequency of theultrasound transmitter that we used for determining the elastic moduli of the trabecular bonespecimens was not correctly specified. The oscillation frequency of the ultrasound transmitter was2 MHz (and not 100 MHz as stated in our work) while we used a sampling rate of 100 MHz. In our<lb...

Shear wave measurements for the determination of tissue elastic properties have been used in clinical diagnosis and soft tissue assessment. A shear wave propagates as a transverse wave where vibration is perpendicular to the wave propagation direction. Previous transverse shear wave measurements could detect the shear modulus in the lateral region of the force; however, they could not provide t...