We examined tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-GAL4) expression and anti-TH immunoreactivity in the Drosophila protocerebrum and characterized single cell clones of the TH-GAL4 neurons. Eight clusters of putative dopaminergic neurons were characterized. Neurons in three of the clusters project to the mushroom body neuropil: PAM neurons project to the medial portion of the horizontal lobes; PPL1 neurons p...

Under sufficiently high electric field gradients, electron behaviour within exactly perpendicular shocks is unstable to the so-called trajectory instability. We extend previous work paying special attention to short-scale, highamplitude structures as observed within the electric field profile. Via test particle simulations, we show that such structures can cause the electron distribution to hea...

Anxiety is an emotional state generally expressed as sustained apprehension of the environment and elevated vigilance. It has been widely reported in vertebrates and, more recently, in a few invertebrate species. However, its fitness value remains elusive. We investigated anxiety-like behaviour and its consequences in an amphipod crustacean, using electric shock as aversive stimuli, and pharmac...

Fabrizio Vianello, Fourth Chair of Medicine, Department of Semeiotics, University of Padua, I-35100 Padua (Italy) Dear Sir, Myocardial injuries represent a common feature of electric shock. Cardiovascular effects of electrical injury include immediate cardiac arrest, acute myocardial necrosis, myocardial ischemia without necrosis, dys-rhythmias, hemorrhagic pericarditis, acute hypertension with...

Ventricular defibrillation by electric counter shock is the definitive treatment for cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Ventricular defibrillation is the fundamental cornerstone to a successful outcome. As most deaths from VF occur out of hospital, often in patients without pre-existent recognised cardiac disease, the major public health issue remains the widespread applicatio...

Novel low-energy defibrillation therapies are thought to be driven by virtual-electrodes (VEs), due to the interaction of applied monophasic electric shocks with fine-scale anatomical structures within the heart. Significant inter-species differences in the cardiac (micro)-anatomy exist, however, particularly with respect to the degree of endocardial trabeculations, which may underlie important...

This paper proposes a theory of supply shocks, or shifts in the short-run Phillips curve, based on relative-price changes and frictions in nominal price adjustment. When price adjustment is costly, firms adjust to large shocks but not to small shocks, and so large shocks have disproportionate effects on the price level. Therefore, aggregate inflation depends on the distribution of relative-pric...