Based upon the standard IEEE 1309, a new calibration method for electromagnetic (EM) probes is proposed. The aforementioned method compares the electric field strength measured with the EM probe subject to calibration with the E-field intensity calculated through a linear interpolation of the corrected measurement using a reference EM probe. The corrected measurement results are computed by mea...

Misinterpretation of uncertainty in the measurement of the electromagnetic field (EMF) strength may lead to an underestimation of exposure risk or an overestimation of required measurements. The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) has internationally been adopted as a de facto standard for uncertainty assessment. However, analyses under such an approach commonly assume u...

We introduce the conditional probability to consider consecutive measurements of photon number and quantum phase of a single mode. Let P be the conditional probability to measure the phase α with precision ∆α, given a previous measurement of k photons with precision ∆k. Two upper bounds of the probability P are derived. For arbitrary given precisions ∆k and ∆α, these bounds refer to the variati...

There are fewer problems encountered with optical voltage transducers in comparison with their inductive and capacitive counterparts. Although capacitive and inductive transformers are used vastly for the purpose of measurement and protection in the networks, they cause problems such as core saturation and improper transient responses which decrease the accuracy of measurement and eficiency of ...

A high resolution imaging of the temperature and microwave near field can be a powerful tool for the non-destructive testing of materials and devices. However, it is presently a very challenging issue due to the lack of a practical measurement pathway. In this work, we propose and demonstrate experimentally a practical method resolving the issue by using a conventional CCD-based optical indicat...

In this paper we present a modeling and simulation, the methodology for calculating the electromagnetic field radiated by the high voltage (HV) lines and for selection of analytical models that interpret the electric and magnetic fields as a function of the distance to the target object. The results were compared with measurements carried out on site where the HV lines are present through a nei...

The article analyses the applicability of traditional methods, as well as recently proposed techniques, to the exposure assessment of electromagnetic field generated by wireless transmitters. As is well known, a correct measurement of the electromagnetic field is conditioned by the complexity of the signal, which requires dedicated instruments or specifically developed extrapolation techniques....

The most general investigation and exploitation of light-induced processes require simultaneous control over spatial and temporal properties of the electromagnetic field on a femtosecond time and nanometer length scale. Based on the combination of polarization pulse shaping and time-resolved two-photon photoemission electron microscopy, we demonstrate such control over nanoscale spatial and ult...

Secondary magnetic fields are induced by the flow of electrically conducting seawater through the Earth's primary magnetic field ('ocean dynamo effect'), and hence it has long been speculated that tsunami flows should produce measurable magnetic field perturbations, although the signal-to-noise ratio would be small because of the influence of the solar magnetic fields. Here, we report on the de...

Green vehicles include electric vehicles, natural gas vehicles, fuel cell vehicles (FCV), and vehicles running on fuel such as a biodiesel or an ethanol blend. An FCV is equipped with a cylinder valve installed in an ultra-high pressure vessel to control the hydrogen flow. For this purpose, an optimum design of the solenoid actuator is necessary to ensure reliability when driving an FCV. In thi...