The Orlando Project has created an electronic history of women’s writing in English from its beginnings to the twentieth century. The delivery of its intensively tagged materials poses unique challenges to the design of a web site, given the prevailing wisdom on web usability. The complexity of the project’s SGML tagging schemas for the intellectual content of the project’s materials answers th...

Each copy of a text document can be made different in a nearly invisible way by repositioning or modifying the appearance of different elements of text, i.e., lines, words, or characters. A unique copy can be registered with its recipient, so that subsequent unauthorized copies that are retrieved can be traced back to the original owner. In this paper we describe and compare several mechanisms ...

Existing software systems for automated essay scoring can provide NLP researchers with opportunities to test certain theoretical hypotheses, including some derived from Centering Theory. In this study we employ the Educational Testing Service’s e-rater essay scoring system to examine whether local discourse coherence, as defined by a measure of Centering Theory’s Rough-Shift transitions, might ...

Bilingual communities often alternate between languages both in spoken and written communication. One such community, Germany residents of Turkish origin produce Turkish-German code-switching, by heavily mixing two languages at discourse, sentence, or word level. Code-switching in general, and Turkish-German code-switching in particular, has been studied for a long time from a linguistic perspe...

Automatic titling of text is a task allowing to determine a well formed word group able to represent the text in a relevant way. The main difficulty of this task is to determine a title having morpho-syntactic characteristics close to titles written by concerned people. Our approach has to be relevant for all type of text (e.g. news, emails, fora, and so forth). Our automatic titling method is ...

BACKGROUND De-identification is the first step to use these records for data processing or further medical investigations in electronic medical records. Consequently, a reliable automated de-identification system would be of high value. METHODS In this paper, a method of combining text skeleton and recurrent neural network is proposed to solve the problem of de-identification. Text skeleton i...

We present the sentence ordering part of a natural language generation module, used in the framework of a knowledge base of electronic navigation charts and sailing directions. The particularity of the knowledge base is that it is based on a controlled hybrid language, that is the combination of a controlled natural language and a controlled visual language. The sentence ordering process is abl...

Applications from prior technologies are often reimplemented on new computing or communications platforms, and users sometimes don’t realize that the applications have been recycled. For example, text messaging was available between computer users for years before its implementation on cell phones, and email has precursors before its implementation on the Internet. My colleague Noel Morris and ...

This article concerns research based on handwritten document and electronic books. We present here the first achievements of a Hypermedia Edit and Read Station (HERS) devoted to the browsing and the edition of hypermedia documents from literary material including document images. Our purpose is twofold. First, capabilities are offered to transcribe manuscripts. Second, tools are offered to orga...

Computer-assisted reading and analysis of text has applications in the humanities and social sciences. Ever-larger electronic text archives have the advantage of allowing a more complete analysis but the disadvantage of forcing longer waits for results. On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) allows quick analysis of multidimensional data. By storing text-analysis information in an OLAP system, qu...