The traditional view of elliptical galaxies has been that they formed in a single, rapid burst of star formation at high redshift, and have evolved quiescently since that time. In opposition to this traditional view is evidence that at least some elliptical galaxies have formed from the merger of two disk galaxies. What has not been clear is which process is the dominant formation mechanism for...

We perform numerical simulations of galaxy mergers between star-forming and gas-rich spirals in order to explore the origin of the Fundamental Plane (FP) of elliptical galaxies. We consider particularly that the origin of the slope of the FP is essentially due to the non-homology in structure and kinematics of elliptical galaxies and accordingly investigate structural and kinematical properties...

This paper discusses an elliptical pad structure and its polygonal approximation. The elliptical pad is a part of via model structures, which are important and critical components on today’s multilayered Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and electrical packaging. To explore meshing characterization of the elliptical pad helps mesh generation over 3D structures for electromagnetic modeling (EM) and si...

BACKGROUND The elliptical excision is a common surgical procedure. The dermatologic literature predominantly describes an excisional geometry with a 3:1 length:width ratio and an apical angle of 30 degrees. OBJECTIVE To analyze the elliptical excision by applying mathematical principles and define the apical angle and its relationship to the length:width ratio. METHODS We examined numerous ...

Elliptical galaxies outside dense clusters are observed to contain small amounts (relative to spiral galaxies) of cold interstellar gas. This review discusses the atomic gas, the molecular gas, and the dust in elliptical galaxies. Field elliptical galaxies contain about 0.01 to 0.1 of the cold interstellar matter content of spiral galaxies of similar luminosity, and support a low level of star ...

Nonimaging optics is a field devoted to the design of optical components for applications such as solar concentration or illumination. In this field, many different techniques have been used to produce optical devices, including the use of reflective and refractive components or inverse engineering techniques. However, many of these optical components are based on translational symmetries, rota...

Surface active sites of crystals often govern their relevant surface chemistry, yet to monitor them in situ in real atmosphere remains a challenge. Using surface-specific sum-frequency spectroscopy, we identified the surface phonon mode associated with the active sites of undercoordinated titanium ions and conjoint oxygen vacancies, and used it to monitor them on anatase (TiO2) (101) under ambi...

-Yttria (Y2O3) has become a promising gate oxide material to replace silicon dioxide in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices. The characterization of native point defect in Y2O3 is essential to understand the behavior of the material. We used the firstprinciples pseudopotential method to study the electronic structure, defect structure and formation energy of native point defects in Y2O3. Va...