Here we have provided evidence that nitric oxide-cyclic GMP (NO-cGMP) signaling regulates neurite length and migration of immature neurons derived from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). Dlx1/2(-/-) and Lhx6(-/-) mouse mutants, which exhibit MGE interneuron migration defects, have reduced expression of the gene encoding the α subunit of a soluble guanylate cyclase (Gucy1A3). Furthermore, Dlx...

Ventral telencephalic progenitors expressing the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx6-2 have been shown to give rise to a multitude of cortical interneuron subtypes usually associated with origin in either the medial ganglionic eminence or the caudal ganglionic eminence. The function of Nkx6-2 in directing the fate of those progenitors has, however, not been thoroughly analyzed. We used a comb...

Clinically-relevant features of each bone a. Distal femur – The medial and lateral femoral condyles articulate with the tibia, and the femoral trochlea articulates with the patella. The femoral condyles are separated by a notch called the intercondyloid fossa. b. Proximal tibia – The articular surface is divided into medial and lateral condyles to correspond with those of the femur, separated b...

Cortical interneurons arise from the proliferative zone of the ventral telencephalon, the ganglionic eminence, and migrate into the developing neocortex. The spatial patterns of migratory interneurons reflect the complementary expression of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) and its receptor, MET, in the forebrain. Scatter assays on forebrain explants demonstrate regionally specif...

Interneurons in the cerebral cortex regulate cortical functions through the actions of distinct subgroups that express parvalbumin, somatostatin, or calretinin. The genesis of the first two subgroups requires the expression of NKX2.1, which is maintained by SHH signaling during neurogenesis. In this paper, we report that mosaic elimination in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) of Smo, a key e...

Leptin secreted by adipocytes acts on the brain to reduce food intake by regulating neuronal activity in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). Obesity is associated with resistance to high circulating leptin levels. Here, we demonstrate that peripherally administered leptin activates its receptor (LepR) in median eminence tanycytes followed by MBH neurons, a process requiring tanycytic ERK signali...

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons integrate synaptic information in their dendrites in order to precisely control GnRH secretion and hence fertility. Recent discoveries concerning the structure and function of GnRH neuron dendrites have shed new light on the control of GnRH neuron excitability and GnRH secretion. This work suggests that GnRH neurons have a unique projection to the m...

The neurosecretory system which is considered to have an effect, directly or indirectly, on avian gonadal growth has been extensively investigated in various species (see Ishii and Kobayashi, 1962; Farner et al., 1964). More recently, the neurosecretory materials in the anterior median eminence and in the pars nervosa of the Japanese quail under various photoperiodic conditions have been studie...