In honoring Carroll Izard’s contributions to emotion research, we discuss infant facial activity and emotion expression. We consider the debated issue of whether infants are biologically prepared to express specific emotions. We offer a perspective that potentially integrates differing viewpoints on infant facial expression of emotion. Specifically, we suggest that evolution has prepared infant...

One literature treats the hippocampus as a purely cognitive structure involved in memory; another treats it as a regulator of emotion whose dysfunction leads to psychopathology. We review behavioral, anatomical, and gene expression studies that together support a functional segmentation into three hippocampal compartments: dorsal, intermediate, and ventral. The dorsal hippocampus, which corresp...

In three studies (N’s = 360, 68, 160), children (2 to 7 years of age) were asked to categorize various facial expressions. The emotion category was specified to the child by its label (such as happy), its facial expression (such as a smile), or both. From the youngest to the oldest children and for all 3 emotion categories examined (happiness, anger, and sadness), results showed a Label Superio...

Automatic multimodal recognition of spontaneous emotional expressions is a largely unexplored and challenging problem. In this paper, we explore audio-visual emotion recognition in a realistic human conversation setting—the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Based on the assumption that facial expression and vocal expression are at the same coarse affective states, positive and negative emotion ...

Many researchers in the engineering and computer science communities have been developing automatic ways for machines to recognize emotional expression, as a goal towards achieving human-machine intelligent interaction. Research on emotion classification utilizes pattern recognition approaches for recognizing emotions, using different modalities as inputs to the emotion recognition models. In t...