This study aims to evaluate determinants of villagers' engagement in pro-environmental behavior (PEB), including ecological conservation behavior (ECB) and waste management behavior (WMB). An integrated exploratory model representing the proposed relationship between villagers' engagement in ECB/WMB and their determinants was created based on the integration of the theory of planned behavior (T...

Olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) response was measured to assess why some males ("rare males") of the Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis, have a broad behavioral response to fly upwind to both the ACB and the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis, pheromone blends. We performed single-sensillum electrophysiological recordings on ACB males that had been behaviorally assessed for ...

1 Financial Contagion: Myth or Reality? 2 Monetary Policy in a Low Inflation Environment 6 Policy Changes: Macroeconomics and Identification 8 Hicks-Tinbergen Medal for Eurosystem Researchers 10 ECB Lamfalussy Fellow Wins Research Prize 10 Thomas Sargent on Learning and Model Uncertainty 11 Selected Recent Journal Publications by ECB Staff 11 References 12 – Joint Workshop of the ECB and the IM...

We analyze the performance of MAC-layer Reed-Solomon error-recovery in the cdma2000 1xEV-DO Broadcast and Multicast Services (BCMCS) environment, with respect to the size of the error control block (ECB) and the air-channel condition, and establish the relationship between ECB size, error-recovery capacity and service latency. Real-time traffic, such as voice and video streaming, is very sensit...

PAK1 inhibitors are known to markedly improve social and cognitive function in several animal models of brain disorders, including autism, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We show here that disruption of PAK1 in mice suppresses inhibitory neurotransmission through an increase in tonic, but not phasic, secretion of endocannabinoids (eCB). Consistently, we found elevated levels of an...

The introductory phase of the European Monetary Union (EMU) ended with the introduction of the euro currency in 2002. We present a review of the experiences with the new monetary union. Using a Taylor rule, we analyze the conduct of monetary policy by the European Central Bank (ECB). The empirical results suggest that the ECB applies similar weights to inflation and the output gap as the Bundes...

Cocaine is a highly addictive drug that acts upon the brain's reward circuitry via the inhibition of monoamine uptake. Endogenous cannabinoids (eCB) are lipid molecules released from midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons that modulate cocaine's effects through poorly understood mechanisms. We find that cocaine stimulates release of the eCB, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), in the rat ventral midbrain to...

The endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system is an important regulator of synaptic function. Endocannabinoids acutely modulate inhibitory and excitatory transmission, and also mediate long-term depression at GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses. Typically, endocannabinoid synthesis and release is stimulated by depolarization-induced calcium influx and/or activation of phospholipase-C (PL...

From the outset of Monetary Union, the ECB has assigned a “prominent role” to monetary analysis in its monetary policy strategy. This article describes a number of new tools for monetary analysis that have been developed on the basis of ECB research. It discusses how these tools are used to interpret monetary developments and ultimately to offer insights that support the conduct of monetary pol...

The endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system is an important regulator of synaptic function. Endocannabinoids acutely modulate inhibitory and excitatory transmission, and also mediate long-term depression at GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses. Typically, endocannabinoid synthesis and release is stimulated by depolarization-induced calcium influx and/or activation of phospholipase-C (PL...