The mechanisms by which endotoxin induces a profound shock state have not been clearly established. Several neurohumoral agents have been implicated as mediators of endotoxin shock. These include histamine (1-4), catecholamines (5-7), and serotonin (7-9). Inferences of the role played by any of these mediators have been derived from four types of evidence: a) the hemodynamic alterations observe...

BACKGROUND The effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on acute lung injury remains controversial. The current study was designed to examine effects of a newly synthesized and selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, ONO1714, on endotoxin-induced lung injury in unanesthetized sheep. METHODS Thirteen unanesthetized sheep chronically instrumented with a lung lymph fistula and vasc...

Endotoxemia and sepsis are systemic hyperinflammatory disorders triggered by microbial infection. When infections happen, host cells in the innate immune system quickly act to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Appropriate development of inflammatory responses is essential to protect hosts from microbial infections. However, when inflammatory responses over...

UNLABELLED Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), is the component of the cellular wall of Gram negative bacteria. Endotoxemia (sepsis) could produce multiorgan failure and could be particularly danger in the early period of life. The effects of endotoxemia induced in the neonatal period of life on the pancreatic secretory function and on pancreatic defense of adult organism have not be...

Abstract The fibrinogen protein is composed of three subunits encoded for by the genes Fga, Fgb, and Fgg. This trimer a main component blood clots. Irregular clotting contributes to low pressure during septic shock, which eventually leads death from total system organ failure. A previously published data set finds Fgg be dysregulated sepsis in serum both wildtype (WT) toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4...

We thank Koduru et al. (1) for highlighting their findings regarding the effects of diet composition on endotoxemia and inflammation. Based on their results, it is evident that dietary factors may modulate the state of endotoxemia in humans. We, however, believe that the issue ismuchmore complex. Pathogenassociated microbial compounds may arise from various sources: diet, bacterial infections, ...

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a crucial mediator in sepsis, elicits multiple biologic effects, including intravascular thrombosis and circulatory shock. TNF-alpha exerts its biologic effects through two distinct cell surface receptors, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2. The pathophysiologic interaction between TNF-alpha and nitric oxide (NO) in glomerular thrombosis caused by endotoxemia in rats and...

Endotoxemia is often associated with extreme inflammatory responses and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) mediate cellular responses to coagulation proteases, including platelet activation and endothelial cell reactions predicted to promote inflammation. These observations suggested that PAR activation by coagulation proteases generated in the setting o...

OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 is activated in aorta during endotoxemia and plays a role in the hypocontractility to vasoconstrictors. Calponin-1 is a regulator of vascular smooth muscle tone with similarities to troponin, a cardiac myocyte protein that is cleaved by MMP-2 in myocardial oxidative stress injuries. We hypothesized that calponin-1 may be proteolyzed by MMP-2 in endotox...