We present a systematic development of energy-stable approximations of the two-dimensional shallow water (SW) equations, which are based on the general framework of entropy conservative schemes introduced in [Tad03, TZ06]. No artificial numerical viscosity is involved: stability is dictated solely by eddy viscosity. In particular, in the absence of any dissipative mechanism, the resulting numer...

Negative contribution of entropy (negentropy) of a non-cahotic system, representing the potential of work, is a source of energy that can be transferred to an internal or inserted subsystem. In this case, the system loses order and its entropy increases. The subsystem increases its energy and can perform processes that otherwise would not happen, like, for instance, the nuclear fusion of insert...

Observations of coherent cellular behavior cannot be integrated into widely accepted membrane (pump) theory (MT) and its steady state energetics because of the thermal noise of assumed ordinary cell water and freely soluble cytoplasmic K(+). However, Ling disproved MT and proposed an alternative based on coherence, showing that rest (R) and action (A) are two different phases of protoplasm with...

The free energy and the entropy of magnetic skyrmions with respect to collinear state are calculated for a (Pt$_{0.95}$Ir$_{0.05}$)/Fe bilayer on Pd(111) via atomistic spin model simulations. simulations carried out starting from very low temperatures where skyrmion number is conserved up range constantly created destroyed by thermal fluctuations, highlighting their quasiparticle nature. higher...