The paper presents the results of empirical studies energy sector in Poland period 2005–2020. main research problem was impact gross savings changes investment levels this sector. To end, we used a formula determining value private investments from theory economic dynamism M. Kalecki. First, checked its adjustment to reality and analysed individual independent variables on levels. We calculated...

Seismic events can severely damage both electricity and natural gas systems, causing devastating consequences. Ensuring the secure reliable operation of integrated energy system (IES) is high importance to avoid potential infrastructure reduce economic losses. This article proposes a new optimal two-stage optimization enhance reliability IES planning against seismic attacks. In first stage, har...