We are all aware of the huge potential for artificial intelligence (AI) to bring massive benefits under-served populations, advancing equal access public services such as health, education, social assistance, or transportation, example. equally that AI can drive inequality, concentrating wealth, resources, and decision-making power in hands a few countries, companies, citizens. Artificial equit...

The overarching goal of this work is to provide bandwidth allocation that is robust against the behavior of greedy or malicious users. The traditional solution, Fair Queueing, allocates capacity per sourcedestination pair in accordance with the max-min fairness criterion. While Fair Queueing, defined as above, has been successful and popular to a large extent, it does not prevent greedy or mali...

Scholarly journals have become increasingly expensive and unaffordable, whether for individuals or for libraries. This has been exacerbated by the enormous increase in the numbers of published articles and therefore in the per-capita consumption necessary for scholarly activity. The arrival of digital publishing and the Internet have magnified these numbers almost beyond imagination. Funders of...

Abstract The UK enacted its first legal measure to address gender pay inequity, the Equal Pay Act 1970, more than 50 years ago. Yet, in 2021, gap (GPG) still stood at 15.4%. Departing from remedial and individual approach that characterises equal legislation, 2017 Gender Gap Information Regulations (the Regulations) require private voluntary sector organisations with 250+ employees annually pub...

Conventional hedonic analysis measures willingness to pay for attributes on the basis of marginal fixed costs. We argue that in many cases variable costs are also affected by these attributes and that this should be taken into account. We develop a simple model to show that the marginal willingness to pay for a quality attribute has to be equal to the full marginal cost, which includes marginal...

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 379 I. WHAT DOES A “RIGHT TO HOUSING” MEAN? ....................................................................... 381 II. THE RIGHT TO HOUSING IN EUROPE ...................................................................................... 382 ...

In no country in the world today, women’s wages equal men’s. Scientists who investigated mechanism for the gender pay-gap have focused mainly on macro-level factors such as the over-representation of women in lowpaying jobs and different training of men and women. However, models attempting to explain the gender paygap with such factors reveal that a large proportion of the gap remains unexplai...

BACKGROUND Pay and pay systems are a critical element in any health sector human resource strategy. Changing a pay system can be one strategy to achieve or sustain organizational change. This paper reports on the design and implementation of a completely new pay system in the National Health Service (NHS) in England. 'Agenda for Change' constituted the largest-ever attempt to introduce a new pa...

Living wills document how patients wish to be treated in the event of becoming incompetent make their medical decisions. are legally enforceable India, nonetheless, doctors can claim conscientious objection implementing any aspect such directives; however, buck stops with hospital ensure that patient’s wishes carried out. In enforcing advance care directives, beneficence and autonomy usually co...