A context-based spelling error is a spelling or typing error that turns an intended word into another word of the language. For example, the intended word “sight” might become the word “site.” A spell checker cannot identify such an error. In the English language— the case of interest here—a syntax checker may also fail to catch such an error since, among other reasons, the parts-of-speech of a...

As more historical texts are digitized, there is interest in applying natural language processing tools to these archives. However, the performance of these tools is often unsatisfactory, due to language change and genre differences. Spelling normalization heuristics are the dominant solution for dealing with historical texts, but this approach fails to account for changes in usage and vocabula...

Teaching to write is the study of spelling and graphic representation printed capital letters. It developing skills accumulating knowledge in mastering English language. The article discusses main aspects teaching writing at foreign language lessons

The aim of this thesis was three-fold: firstly, to examine the development of reading and spelling abilities in the Greek language; secondly, to identify the cognitive predictors of reading and spelling skills; and finally, to establish how developmental dyslexia is manifested in the regular Greek orthography. An extensive battery of cognitive, linguistic, and literacy tasks was administered to...

This paper describes our contribution to two challenges in data-driven lemmatization. We approach lemmatization in the framework of a two-stage process, where first lemma candidates are generated and afterwards a ranker chooses the most probable lemma from these candidates. The first challenge is that languages with rich morphology like Modern German can feature morphological changes of differe...

This paper investigates the need for applying English prosody when synthesising English portions of mixed English/German texts using a German-based polyglot text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis system. The polyglot system is based on a monolingual German TTS system, which uses a phone mapping from English to German to synthesise English texts. Two systems with varying degrees of assimilation to Engli...

This study is the first to explore the relationship between cohabitation and U.S. adult mortality using a nationally representative sample. Using data from the National Health Interview Survey-Longitudinal Mortality Follow-up files 1997 – 2004 (N = 193,851), the authors found that divorced, widowed, and never-married White men had higher mortality rates than cohabiting White men, and never-marr...

Businesses and pro-business interest groups have often claimed that the litigation environment in the states influences their decisions about where and how to do business. However, very little empirical evidence exists to suggest that these claims are anything more than anecdotal. This study attempts to fill that void. I employ a triple-differences identification strategy in which businesses in...

Remark 2 Differences are really huge. For example, in 2000, GDP (or income) per capita in the United States was over $33000.1 In contrast, income per capita is much lower in many other countries: less than $9000 in Mexico, less than $4000 in China, less than $2500 in India, and only about $700 in Nigeria, and much much lower in some other sub-Saharan African countries such as Chad, Ethiopia, an...