The circadian system actively synchronizes the temporal sequence of biological functions with the environment. The oscillatory behavior of the system ensures that entrainment is not passive or driven and therefore allows for great plasticity and adaptive potential. With the tools at hand, we now can concentrate on the most important circadian question: How is the complex task of entrainment ach...

We describe new experiments to measure the penetrative entrainment by a turbulent fountain in a steady two-layer stratification. A theoretical model was established by assuming that the stratification consists of two uniform layers, and the penetrative entrainment rate is estimated quantitatively by three independent formulae. Two quasi-uniform layers were observed in the steady state in the la...

[1] By recognizing that oceanic overflows follow the seafloor morphology, which shows a self-similar structure at spatial scales ranging from 100 km to 1 m, the impact of topographic bumps on entrainment in gravity currents is investigated using a 3D nonhydrostatic spectral element model. It is found that a bumpy surface can lead to a significant enhancement of entrainment compared to a smooth ...

A theory for obtaining a waveform for the effective entrainment of a weakly forced oscillator is presented. Phase model analysis is combined with calculus of variation to derive a waveform with which entrainment of an oscillator is achieved with a minimum power forcing signal. Optimal waveforms are calculated from the phase response curve and a solution to a balancing condition. The theory is t...

This paper examines the lexical entrainment of real users in the Let’s Go spoken dialog system. First it presents a study of the presence of entrainment in a year of human-transcribed dialogs, by using a linear regression model, and concludes that users adapt their vocabulary to the system’s. This is followed by a study of the effect of changing the system vocabulary on the distribution of word...

At a plunging jet, air entrainment may take place downstream of the impingement perimeter. This study investigates air entrainment and bubble dispersion at vertical circular plunging jets in freshwater, salty freshwater and seawater. The results show lesser air entrainment in seawater plunging jets for identical inflow conditions. The average pseudo-chord sizes are between 4 and 6 mm for all wa...

Previous studies provide indirect evidence for an ontogenetically continuous Approximate-Number System. We employed a rapid steady-state visual-presentation paradigm combined with electroencephalography to measure stimulus-driven neural oscillatory responses to numerosities in infants and adults. Steady-state repetition of the same numerosity across a 2.4-sec time block yielded an increase in t...

Biological clocks are self-sustained oscillators that adjust their phase to the daily environmental cycles in a process known as entrainment. Molecular dissection and mathematical modeling of biological oscillators have progressed quite far, but quantitative insights on the entrainment of clocks are relatively sparse. We simultaneously tracked the phases of hundreds of synthetic genetic oscilla...

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Acoustic-Prosodic Entrainment in Human-Human and Human-Computer Dialogue