A well known result in the economics of tort law is that in the case of a unilateral stochastic externality both a negligence rule and strict liability are in general able to achieve socially optimal precaution. It will be shown in this paper that this equivalence result does no longer hold if imperfect information and multidimensional pollution control activities are considered. It will turn o...

pricing for an insurance policy can be described as the process of calculation of expectedcompensation to be paid to property losers as well as associated costs of potential risks. loss forecast isaccurate if the risks will be identified appropriately in order to calculate the frequency and expected severityof losses.this is particularly important about environmental risks since most of them ap...

The environmental impact of wind power plants over their life cycle is divided into three stages: construction period, operation period and retired period. The impact is mainly reflected in ecological destruction, noise pollution, water pollution and the effect on bird migration. In response to these environmental effects, suggesting reasonable locations, reducing plant footprint, optimizing co...

The fuel driving the engine of growth and sustainable development of any nation is the nation’s access to reliable and adequate geospatial information (GI). Over 80% of socio-economic and environmental management decisions are based on quality and accurate information on natural resources and other geospatial data. On the other hand, the roots of under-development of the third world countries, ...

Children are highly susceptible to deleterious effects of environmental toxins. Those who live in underserved communities may be particularly at risk because environmental pollution has been found to be disproportionately distributed among communities. Mounting evidence suggests that asthma rates are rising and that this disease can be caused or aggravated by air pollution. Although ambient air...

The ever increasing impact of the marine industry and transport on vulnerable sea areas puts the marine environment under exceptional pressure and calls for inspired methods for mitigating the impact of the related risks. We describe a method for preventive reduction of remote environmental risks caused by the shipping and maritime industry that are transported by surface currents and wind impa...

In spite of the obvious physical dimension of economic production and consumption, economics has essentially ignored flows and stocks of materials and substances. Environmental economics has recently paid increased attention to material flows, which is not surprising given that its core problems – pollution and resource scarcity – can be directly related to material flows through the economy. V...

Housing and urban environments represent the physical context for everyday life and have a significant impact on population health and well-being. Depending on the quality of housing and urban conditions, they can support or restrict the health of their residents through a variety of aspects such as air pollution, noise, thermal conditions, safety aspects and environmental contamination. Theref...

OBJECTIVE Air pollution is a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the evidence is limited and diverse. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of environmental air pollution on incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS In this study, we identified 102 published studies through a systematic data base search inclu...

In October 2010, nine ministries and commissions of China jointly issued Guidance on the Strengthening of Dioxin Pollution Prevention [Ministry of Environmental Protection of People's Republic of China (MEP) 2010], which requires key dioxin-emitting industries to carry out comprehensive actions to reduce dioxin emissions. This is a major historical milestone in China's fight against dioxin poll...