background continuous epidural analgesia with catheterization is a useful technique, because it has a wide adaptation range and provides prolonged analgesia. problems that may arise from long-term epidural analgesia are changes in the analgesic area, duration of analgesia and catheter-related problems. few articles have evaluated gradual changes of long-term epidural analgesia. in the animal mo...

BACKGROUND Accidental dural puncture during epidural blockade is a rare complication. Since postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is the most frequent complication, a wisely management method will also reduce the incidence of PDPH. METHODS Five patients who had inadvertent dural puncture during the epidural procedure before hip or knee arthroplasty were included in this study. After dural punctu...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Epidural approach angle is one of the determining factors for needle traveling length to reach the epidural space. Likewise, the margin of safety against accidental dural puncture should be affected by epidural approach angle because the space available for epidural needle tip movement in the epidural space is depending on the inserting angle to the epidural space. The...

opiates such as morphine are one of the most effective classes of medication prescribed to treat both acute and chronic pain.they act to suppress pain through mu-receptor activation on primary afferent nerve fibers, dorsal horn neurons and supraspinal pain center neorons. when morphine is administered epidurally, it diffuses to the cord substance, producing analgesia [1],the aim of this study w...

BACKGROUND Infection and epidural abscess are important complications of epidural analgesia. Difficult insertion may be associated with an increased risk of bacterial contamination of the epidural needle or catheter. METHODS Bacterial contamination of epidural needles and trocars after difficult epidural insertion, defined as two or more skin passes, was assessed in 38 obstetric and ten gynae...

Objective. Unilateral sensory and motor blockade is known to occur with epidural anesthesia but is rarely reported in children. The differential diagnosis should include the presence of a midline epidural septum. Case Report. We describe a case of a 16-year-old adolescent who developed repeated complete unilateral extensive epidural sensory and motor blockade with Horner's syndrome after thorac...

abstract- the adverse effects of periodontal disease on dental pulp has been debated for many years. this case- control study was performed to assess the possible effects of advanced periodontal disease on the structure of dental pulp. fifty-two permanent teeth extracted because of advanced periodontitis with  5mm attachment loss and grade iii mobility were compared to fifty-two control teeth,...

The combined spinal-epidural technique has been used increasingly over the last decade. Combined spinal-epidural may achieve rapid onset, profound regional blockade with the facility to modify or prolong the block. A variety of techniques and devices have been proposed. The technique cannot be considered simply as an isolated spinal block followed by an isolated epidural block as combining the ...

BACKGROUND Previously, Balki determined the Pearson correlation coefficient with the use of ultrasound (US) was 0.85 in morbidly obese parturients. We aimed to determine if the use of the epidural depth equation (EDE) in conjunction with US can provide better clinical correlation in estimating the distance from the skin to the epidural space in morbidly obese parturients. METHODS One hundred ...

conclusions the advantages of dsa in fluoroscopy-guided transforaminal epidural block and nerve block are identification of the degree of appropriate contrast flow (epidural and nerve root sleeve) and the intravascular administration without overlapping radiodense structures. introduction most pain physicians know that fluoroscopy might improve the safety, accuracy, and efficacy of nerve block;...