Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus was isolated in 1993, 1994, and 1995 from human cases of acute, undifferentiated, febrile illness in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Two virus isolates were recovered in 1994 from Peruvian soldiers at a jungle outpost near Pantoja in northern Peru, and 10 isolates were obtained from military personnel and civilians in 1993-1995 in Iquitos, an urban center i...

The VEE complex of viruses includes six antigenic subtypes (I–VI). Within subtype I there are five antigenic variants (variants AB–F). Originally, subtypes I-A and I-B were considered to be distinct variants, but they are now considered to be identical (I-AB). Antigenic variants I-AB and I-C are associated with epizootic activity in equids and human epidemics. Historically, severe outbreaks hav...

The quantitative influence of the choice of energy evaluation method used in the geometry optimization step prior to the calculation of molecular descriptors in QSAR and QSPR models was investigated. A total of 11 energy evaluation methods on three molecular datasets (toxicological compounds, aromatic compounds and PPARgamma agonists) were studied. The methods employed were: MMFF94 s, MM3* with...

The concepts of (λ ,μ)−fuzzy subsemigroup and various (λ ,μ)−fuzzy ideals of a semigroup were introduced by generalizing (∈,∈∨q)−fuzzy subsemigroup and (∈,∈∨q)−fuzzy ideal. The regular semigroup was characterized by the properties of the middle parts of various (λ ,μ)−fuzzy ideals, and several equivalence conditions of regular semigroups were obtained.

The Borodin–Kostochka Conjecture states that for a graph G $G$ , if Δ ( ) ≥ 9 ${\rm{\Delta }}(G)\ge 9$ and ω ≤ − 1 $\omega (G)\le {\rm{\Delta }}(G)-1$ then χ $\chi . We prove the P 5 gem $({P}_{5},\text{gem})$ -free graphs, is, graphs with no induced ${P}_{5}$ K ∨ 4 ${K}_{1}\vee {P}_{4}$

The concept of (∈,∈∨ q)-fuzzy h-ideals of hemirings is introduced and some characterizations are described. We show that a hemiring S is hhemiregular if and only if for any (∈,∈∨ q)-fuzzy right h-ideal F and (∈,∈∨ q)fuzzy left h-ideal G, F ◦0.5 G = F ∩0.5 G. Finally, the concept of implicationbased fuzzy h-ideals of hemirings is considered. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 16Y60, 13E05,...

A new in vivo method was used to determine an average volumetric elastic modulus ([epsilon]ave) for nongrowing cells in plant tissue. This method requires that both the relative transpiration rate, T, of the tissue and the average turgor pressure decay rate, (dP/dt)ave, of the cells are measured after the water source is removed from the plant tissue. Then [epsilon]ave is calculated from the eq...

It is impossible to comb all the hairs of a fuzzy ball so that: i) each hair lies tangent to the surface of the ball, and ii) the angles of the hairs vary continuously over the surface of the ball. (By this we mean that the angle between two hairs at positions p and q say can be made arbitrarily small by choosing q sufficiently close to p.) Any attempt to accomplish this feat must produce a cow...