Soil-facing mechanical interactions play an important role in the behavior of earth-retaining walls. Generally, numerical analysis structures requires use interface elements between dissimilar component materials to model soil–structure and capture transfer normal shear stresses through these discontinuities. In finite element method software programs, can be modeled using “zero-thickness” soil...

For an industry producing a single homogeneous good, we define and characterize the concept of oligopolistic equilibrium, allowing for a parameterized continuum of regimes with varying competitive toughness. This parameterization will appear to be equivalent to the one used in the empirical literature. The Cournot and the competitive outcomes coincide, respectively, with the softest and the tou...

Widespread use of hydrogen energy is contingent on the development reliable and economical sources hydrogen. Electrolysis from renewably-derived low-carbon electricity a potentially viable method generation. Prime among electrolysis technologies are those utilizing ion-conducting polymers (ionomers) including proton-exchange-membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE). However, these need to exhibit in...