We congratulate Yu et al. for their successful results where they evaluated the pattern distribution and the changes of strabismus surgery in pediatric population [1]. The authors observed that surgery for childhood exotropia was more common than surgery for esotropia in China and they stated that strabismus type and onset age were found to be associated with binocular function for subjects wit...

We retrospectively studied 101 consecutive patients with Duane's retraction syndrome. Eighty-five percent were unilaterally affected and 15% were bilaterally affected. More patients had straight eyes in primary position than esotropia or exotropia. On lateral version reflex testing the amount of underaction of the lateral and medial rectus muscles could be determined, and could be used to predi...

BACKGROUND The association of oblique palpebral fissures and A- or V-pattern has not been clarified. We report two cases of A-pattern esotropia with marked mongoloid slanting palpebral fissures associated with vertical displacement of the horizontal rectus muscle. CASES Case 1 was a boy with Prader-Willi syndrome. He showed A-pattern esotropia with upward slanting palpebral fissures. Severe s...

The surgical treatment for strabismus in infants generally results in microtropia or subnormal binocular vision. Although the clinical characteristics of these conditions are well established, there are important questions about the mechanisms of binocular vision in these patients that can best be investigated in an appropriate animal model. In the present psychophysical investigations, spatial...

Purpose The purpose of this review was to examine the efficacy of botulinum toxin in the treatment of infantile esotropia and to evaluate the average response of BT and its complication rates. Methods A research was performed in the Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS), MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial (CENTRAL). The database was search...

AIMS Two viable options were compared, reoperation and botulinum toxin injection, in the management of children who need retreatment after surgery for acquired esotropia. METHODS 47 strabismic children previously operated to correct an acquired esotropia were randomised to reoperation or botulinum toxin injection. Reoperation was undertaken in 24 of these patients and botulinum toxin injectio...

An 11-year-old female presenting diplopia only at distance was found to have comitant esotropia of 20 prism diopters (PD) at distance and normal alignment at nearer proximity. Other ocular movement, including abduction, was normal and a thorough neurologic examination was also normal. The deviation angle of esotropia was increased to 35 PD in 6 months, and a brain magnetic resonance imaging wit...

To the Editors: It is well established that children with cerebral palsy have an increased incidence of ocular misalignment with unpredictable surgical outcomes.1 We describe three children with periventricular leukomalacia who were treated in our unit with botulinum toxin for correction of their early-onset esotropia. The three children in our case series all presented between 4 and 10 months ...