Hydrogen isotope ratios of plant lipids are used for paleoclimate reconstruction, but influenced by both source water and biosynthetic processes. Measuring 2H : 1H multiple compounds produced different pathways could allow these effects to be separated, hydrogen fractionations during isoprenoid biosynthesis remain poorly constrained. To investigate how fractionation is molecular exchange betwee...

Sepsis, a potentially fatal clinical syndrome, is mediated by an early (e.g., tumor necrosis factor and IL-1) and late [e.g., high mobility group B-1 (HMGB1)] proinflammatory cytokine response to infection. Specifically targeting early mediators has not been effective clinically, in part because peak mediator activity often has passed before therapy can be initiated. Late-acting downstream effe...