this study examined the effects of trade liberalization and exchange rate changes on carbohydrate staples in nigeria. secondary data published from 1974 to 2006 on cassava exports and rice imports as well as non-tradable carbohydrate staples were used. it was hypothesized that exchange rate changes and trade liberalization via price relatives, trade intensity and nominal protection coefficient ...

This study examines the impacts of real exchange rate fluctuations on the companies' strategic investments in Iran. The data of 92 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2002-2015areused. First, the volatility of exchange rate is estimated by the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH). The model is estimated by GMM and system GMM methods. The r...

Cells use temporal dynamical patterns to transmit information via signaling pathways. As optimality with respect to the environment plays a fundamental role in biological systems, organisms have evolved optimal ways to transmit information. Here, we use optimal control theory to obtain the dynamical signal patterns for the optimal transmission of information, in terms of efficiency (low energy)...