Today, training has become a common activity in all enterprises in order to enrich four important components of their business environment such as technology, quality improvement, product development and customer satisfaction. The most important goal of the training is to inculcate the essential skills, which are required for employees to improve the productivity and thereby enhancing the aware...

OBJECTIVE Pharmacists play a pivotal role in the health continuum, and the perceptions and expectations of physicians towards pharmacists have been reported as a key factor in the interprofessional relationship. This study aimed to elicit the perceptions and expectations of physicians towards the role of pharmacists in hospitals to clarify the level of interaction between physicians and pharmac...

What is considered to be fair depends on context-dependent expectations. Using a modified version of the Ultimatum Game, we demonstrate that both fair behavior and perceptions of fairness depend upon beliefs about what one ought to do in a situation— that is, upon normative expectations. We manipulate such expectations by creating informational asymmetries about the offer choices available to t...

Eddy-Current Techniques for non–destructive testing and evaluation of conducting material are one of the most known application oriented field in electromagnetics research. According to the Italian PRIN Project (proj. 2009TCLKNF_002), the Authors, in this work, propose a novel approach based on soft computing domain to characterize defects in metallic plates in terms of depth and shape starting...

Need for incorporating expert knowledge into automated systems. In order to better understand Zadeh’s vision of going from fuzzy to computing with words, let us recall the reason why we need to use words in computations and whey fuzzy techniques were invented in the first place. These techniques come from the need for expert knowledge. In many application areas, we rely on experts: medical doct...

conclusions existences of gap in dimensions indicated that expectations of students are not met and it indicates their dissatisfaction, and thus it is a necessity for improvement in all dimensions. results in overall, 80% of educational expectations were not meet; there was a negative gap at all phrases and dimensions and the gap was more negative for educational experts (-1.45 ± 0.89) compared...

High successful applications of soft computing and fuzzy logic can be found in engineering disciplines. Current research is done for computational subject, e. g. computing with words, or computing with colors, which is one of the new ideas for the processing of color information. The main fact of this approach is the adequate representation of color and its linguistic description. This approach...

Linguistic variables are reviewed and some aspects of the original definition revisited, showing that they provide a first formal frame to do computing with words in a “narrow sense”. A two-levels hierarchy of languages is discussed in order to move to simple cases of computing with words in natural language, supported by linguistic variables.