PCR applications that require a high confi dence in the result should be designed to control for the occurrence of false negatives. False negatives can occur from inhibition of one or more of the reaction components by a range of factors. While an external, or batch control is often used, the ideal control is one that is included in the reaction cocktail in a multiplex format. Early approaches ...

Attention is a core property of all perceptual and cognitive operations. Given limited capacity to process competing options, attentional mechanisms select, modulate, and sustain focus on information most relevant for behavior. A significant problem, however, is that attention is so ubiquitous that it is unwieldy to study. We propose a taxonomy based on the types of information that attention o...

There is a seasonal cycle of sexual activity for all species of birds. It is more or less pronounced according to the species, and it is primarily controlled by the external factor of light, the daily duration and intensity of which vary during -the year, the minimum amount of light being present on December 21, while the maximum is reached on June 21 in the northern hemisphere. Rowan54 was the...

Twenty-eight topics in moral science are discussed briefly in this chapter. Some address moral issues that deserve systematic empirical analysis. Experimental studies of obligation and deceit, for example, are rare despite millennia-old concern. Some concern theoretical issues, including phenomenology, conflict/compromise, and deserving theory. Others are more concerned with betterment of the m...

Bodies of plants are modularly organized. Development proceeds by adding new modules to open endings with a potential for branching. Each module is autonomous to some extent. Development relies on the self-organized patterns that emerge from the interactions of individual modules. Interactions include both competition and cooperation, and several types of positive and negative feedback loops ar...

Having in mind that physical systems have different levels of structure we develop the concept of external, internal and total improper Lorentz transformation (space inversion and time reversal). A particle obtained from the ordinary one by the application of internal space inversion or time reversal is generally a different particle. From this point of view the intrinsic parity of a nuclear pa...

To cite: Mascarenhas MI, Ferreira M, Miguens J, et al. BMJ Case Rep Published online: [please include Day Month Year] doi:10.1136/ bcr-2013-009566 DESCRIPTION We presented a case of a female newborn (NB), the fifth daughter of healthy non-consanguineous parents. It was an uneventful biamniotic bicorionic pregnancy except for a prenatal diagnosis of a right clubfoot of the first twin at the 16th...

Multidivisional firms frequently rely on external market prices in order to value internal transactions across profit centers. This paper examines marketbased transfer pricing when an upstream division has monopoly power in selling a proprietary component both to a downstream division within the same firm and to external customers. When internal transfers are valued at the prevailing market pri...

If every productive form of linguistic expression can be described by some idealized human grammar, an individuals’s variable linguistic behavior (Weinreich, Labov, & Herzog, 1968) can be modeled as a statistical distribution of multiple idealized grammars. The distribution of grammars is determined by the interaction between the biological constraints on human grammar and the properties of lin...