The Global MARKAL-Model (GMM), a multi-regional "bottom-up" partial equilibrium model of the global energy system with endogenous technological learning, is used to address impacts of internalisation of external costs from power production. This modelling approach imposes additional charges on electricity generation, which reflect the costs of environmental and health damages from local polluta...

The question concerning the circumstances under which it is advantageous for a company to outsource certain information systems functions has been a controversial issue for the last decade. While opponents emphasize the risks of outsourcing based on the loss of strategic potentials and increased transaction costs, proponents emphasize the strategic benefits of outsourcing and high potentials of...

The present trend in experiments and theory relating to the stability of mirror confined plasmas suggests that stable confinement will be achieved. If this trend con tinues, finding means for improving power balance and minimizing mirror fusion reactor costs becomes a rele vant question, and quantitative assessments of these matters are required. The discussion to follow pertains to possible fu...

Industrial districts represented an economic system that could guarantee significant advantages thanks to the enhancement of the social and relational fabric. In Principles of Economics, Marshall (1896) defines districts as a manifestation of external economies deriving from the concentration of many small firms in a particular area. Among the advantages of external economies are reduced costs,...

We study how both external corporate governance factors and internal corporate governance factors jointly affect the large shareholder’s takeover or monitor decision. The large shareholders monitor the management and have option to takeover the firm. External corporate governance forces impose stealing costs to the manager. In equilibrium, large shareholder’s takeover or monitoring decision, ta...

Global terrorism presents collective action issues for targeted nations. Proactive measures (e.g., preemptive strikes) against terrorists create external benefits for all at-risk nations. In contrast, defensive actions deflect attacks to softer targets, thereby giving rise to external benefits to protected foreign residents and external costs to venues abroad. Coordinated antiterrorism measures...

External memory sort has been widely accepted as an overall benchmark to evaluate the processing performance of computers. Lots of algorithms have been developed to sort large scalable data in different environments. The bottlenecks of external memory sort are the I/O operation and communication cost. In this paper, we adapted HPVM MinuteSort[4], and borrowed the THsort[5] idea to develop our e...

The pharmaceutical industry continues to face fundamental challenges because of issues with research and development (R&D) productivity and rising customer expectations. To lower R&D costs, move beyond me-too therapies, and create more transformative portfolios, pharmaceutical companies are actively capitalizing on external innovation through precompetitive collaboration with academia, cultivat...