To identify ARIX gene and PHOX2B gene polymorphisms in patients with congenital superior oblique muscle palsy, 3 exons of the ARIX gene and PHOX2B gene were sequenced by genomic DNA amplification with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing in 31 patients with congenital superior oblique muscle palsy and in 54 normal individuals. A family with a father and one daughter each having...

Traumatic isolated oculomotor nerve palsy with negative imaging studies is extremely rare. We reported such a case who after head injury had normal brain computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and angiography. The absence of other neurological signs and normal brain MRI indicated the lesion was most likely within the subarachnoid space, as the other important structures...

PURPOSE Clinical data indicate that extraocular muscles have different susceptibilities for some orbital immune disorders depending on their anatomic location. The resident immunocompetent cells may be important mediators in the local pathogenesis of such disorders so the distribution of these cells was studied in extraocular muscles obtained from normal human donors. For comparison skeletal mu...

To the Editors: Ocular motility problems related to congenital abnormalities of the extraocular muscles are rare. Such congenital abnormalities may present in a spectrum from accessory additional rectus muscles to the absence of extraocular muscles.1-5 Absence of one or more extraocular muscles is a rare condition usually seen in association with craniofacial syndromes. We present a case of bil...

Morphopathological changes induced in the extraocular muscles by the local anesthetic agent bupivacaine hydrochloride were studied in the monkey using light and electron microscopy. Retrobulbar anesthetic blocks, using 0.75% bupivacaine hydrochloride, were performed in five adult cynomolgus monkeys. Morphological alterations in extraocular muscle fiber types were examined following survival per...