and science fulfil similar functions". As he says, "The human brain needs to have a representation of the world that is unified and coherent." In his discussion of evolution Jacob is an out-and-out Darwinian, but gives a good analysis of the problems raised by molecular biology. He contrasts the selectionist Darwinian model with the instructionist theories of creationists. As an immunologist, h...

The risk of breast cancer in first degree relatives of patients with breast cancer can be derived from family history and is dependent upon the age at diagnosis in the index patient. For the relatives of index patients older than 55, the relative risk is 1.57, if less than 55 the relative risk is 2.29, and 3.85 if less than 45 (95% confidence limits 0.83 to 2.68, 1.18 to 4.01, and 1.67 to 3.85,...

A family history of shoulder instability in first-degree relatives was found in 24 of 100 patients who had been operated on for recurrent anterior shoulder instability. The patients with and without a family history were similar in respect of sex ratio, age at first dislocation and age at operation. The initial dislocation was non-traumatic in 22% of the patients with and in 13% of those withou...

The family history is a critical element in pediatric medicine and represents the gateway to the molecular age of medicine for both pediatric clinicians and their patients. The pediatric clinician has several opportunities to obtain a family history and multiple clinical and educational uses for that information. Available methods include paper and digital forms, classical pedigrees, online pro...

The family history has been called the first genetic test; it was a core element of primary care long before the current wave of genetics technologies and services became clinically relevant. Risk assessment based on family history allows providers to personalize and prioritize health messages, shifts the focus of health care from treatment to prevention, and can empower individuals and familie...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Family history of stroke is an established risk factor for stroke. We evaluated whether family history of stroke predisposed to certain stroke subtypes and whether it differed by sex in young patients with stroke. METHODS We used data from the Stroke in Fabry Patients study, a large prospective, hospital-based, screening study for Fabry disease in young patients (aged <...

Kidney stones develop more frequently in individuals with a family history of kidney stones than in those without a family history; however, little information is available regarding whether the increased risk is attributable to genetic factors, environmental exposures, or some combination. In this report, the relation between family history and risk of kidney stone formation was studied in a c...

Family history research is significantly enhanced when we collaborate using automated communication. Unfortunately, machine-to-machine communication can lead to unintended information modification or information loss. We propose the development of an exchange model that includes two sections. One represents common family history information whose organization and content are specified by an acc...

The enzyme enolase [EC 4.2.1.11] is found in all organisms, with vertebrates exhibiting tissue-specific isozymes encoded by three genes: alpha (alpha), beta (beta), and gamma (gamma) enolase. Limited taxonomic sampling of enolase has obscured the timing of gene duplication events. To help clarify the evolutionary history of the gene family, cDNAs were sequenced from six taxa representing major ...