Objective(s): Previous studies showed that skeletal muscle microcirculation was reduced in chronic heart failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of endurance training on capillary and arteriolar density of fast and slow twitch muscles in rats with chronic heart failure. Materials and Methods: Four weeks after surgeries (left anterior descending (LAD) artery occlusion), chr...

Most skeletal muscles are composed of a heterogeneous population of fast and slow muscle fibers that are selectively innervated during development by fast and slow motoneurons, respectively. It is well recognized that, in both birds and mammals, fast and slow motoneurons have substantially different intramuscular branching patterns, a difference critical for proper motor function. However, the ...

In a previous paper (Pearson & lies, 1971) the pattern of innervation of the coxal depressor muscles of the cockroach Periplaneta americana was described. On the basis of microelectrode recordings these muscles could be classified into three types: (i) those receiving one 'fast' axon, (ii) those with one 'slow' and branches of three different common inhibitory neurones, and (iii) those whose fi...

Electrothermal carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn muscles can provide large strokes during thermal cycling. However, the slow cooling rate of limits their applications, since diameter prior-art cannot be rapidly cycled. Herein, a fast thermally powered sheath-driven muscle that uses hybrid CNT sheath and an inexpensive polymer core, is reported. The stroke recovery for much lower at all frequencies tha...