Introduction: Sex differences are observed in the development of tolerance to antinociceptive effect of opioid drugs such as morphine, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Critical role of glutamate in the development and maintenance of opioid tolerance has been reported by many investigators. There are also evidences about interaction between gonadal hormones and neuromodulatory sy...

Neuropeptides have been discovered in many arthropod species including crustaceans. The nature of their biological function is well studied and varies from behavior modulation to physiological regulation of complex biochemical processes such as metabolism, molt and reproduction. Due to their key role in these fundamental processes, neuropeptides are often targeted for modulating these processes...

The distribution of fat in the body differs between the male and female sexes and is associated with the relative secretion of the two "adiposity" hormones leptin and insulin. We now report that the brains of male and female rats are differentially sensitive to the catabolic actions of small doses of these two hormones. Leptin (1 or 3.5 microg/2 microl) or saline (2 microl) was administered int...

The stress response is a multifaceted physiological reaction that engages a wide range of systems. Animal studies examining stress and the stress response employ diverse methods as stressors. While many of these stressors are capable of inducing a stress response in animals, a need exists for an ethologically relevant stressor for female rats. The purpose of the current study was to use an etho...

HIGHLIGHTS The proprioceptive system provides a sense of body awareness and detects controls force pressure. Menstruation is the regular, orderly shedding uterine wall, in response to interactions hormones produced by hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries. Estrogen steroid hormone involved female reproductive organs, as well numerous other biological systems including neuroendocrine, vascular, skele...

This review article reveals possible causes that may underlie gender differences of carotid atherosclerosis: vascular anatomy, localization and morphology atherosclerotic plaques, different effects prevalence known risk factors between genders (arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, depression / stress). A separate place in the is given to markers in...

A retrospective review of paracoccidioidomycosis cases seen between January 1966 to January 1997 revealled 27 of the 627 cases occurred in women (male to female ratio 27.3:1). Data for 23 of these 27 cases demonstrated the protective effect of female hormones.

Edgar Allen identified and outlined the role of female sex hormones [2] and discovered estrogen [3] in the early 1900s in the US. In 1923, Allen, through his research with mice, isolated the primary ovarian hormone [4], later renamed estrogen [3], from ovarian follicles and tested its effect through injections in the uterine tissues of mice. Allen's work on estrogen [3], enabled researchers to ...